The Effect of Consumption of Animal Milk Compared to Infant Formula for Non-Breastfed/Mixed-Fed Infants 6–11 Months of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Many infants do not receive breastmilk for the recommended 2-year duration. Instead, alternative milk beverages are often used, including infant formula and raw animal milk products. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the effect of animal milk consumption, compared to infant form...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/488 |
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| author | Julie M. Ehrlich Joseph Catania Muizz Zaman Emily Tanner Smith Abigail Smith Olivia Tsistinas Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta Aamer Imdad |
| author_facet | Julie M. Ehrlich Joseph Catania Muizz Zaman Emily Tanner Smith Abigail Smith Olivia Tsistinas Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta Aamer Imdad |
| author_sort | Julie M. Ehrlich |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Many infants do not receive breastmilk for the recommended 2-year duration. Instead, alternative milk beverages are often used, including infant formula and raw animal milk products. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the effect of animal milk consumption, compared to infant formula, on health outcomes in non-breastfed or mixed-fed infants aged 6–11 months. We searched multiple databases and followed Cochrane guidelines for conducting the review. The primary outcomes were anemia, gastrointestinal blood loss, weight-for-age, length-for-age, and weight-for-length. Nine studies were included: four randomized controlled trials (RCT) and five cohort studies. All studies, except one, were conducted in high income countries. There was a low certainty of evidence that cow’s milk increased the risk of anemia compared to formula milk (Cohort studies RR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.15, 4.43, RCTs: RR: 4.03, 95% CI: 1.68, 9.65) and gastrointestinal blood loss (Cohort study RR: 1.52, 95% CI: 0.73, 3.16, RCTs: RR: 3.14, 95% CI: 0.98, 10.04). Additionally, there was low certainty evidence that animal milk consumption may not have a differential effect on weight and length-for-age compared to formula milk. Overall, the evidence was of low certainty and no solid conclusions can be drawn from this data. Further studies are needed from low- and middle-income countries to assess optimal milk type in non-breastfed infants aged 6–11 months. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:22:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0399a315d8354d16859b6f9de76038ca |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:22:03Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-0399a315d8354d16859b6f9de76038ca2023-11-23T17:24:36ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432022-01-0114348810.3390/nu14030488The Effect of Consumption of Animal Milk Compared to Infant Formula for Non-Breastfed/Mixed-Fed Infants 6–11 Months of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisJulie M. Ehrlich0Joseph Catania1Muizz Zaman2Emily Tanner Smith3Abigail Smith4Olivia Tsistinas5Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta6Aamer Imdad7College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USACollege of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USACollege of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USACollege of Education, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USAHealth Science Library, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USAHealth Science Library, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USACentre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, CanadaDivision of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USAMany infants do not receive breastmilk for the recommended 2-year duration. Instead, alternative milk beverages are often used, including infant formula and raw animal milk products. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the effect of animal milk consumption, compared to infant formula, on health outcomes in non-breastfed or mixed-fed infants aged 6–11 months. We searched multiple databases and followed Cochrane guidelines for conducting the review. The primary outcomes were anemia, gastrointestinal blood loss, weight-for-age, length-for-age, and weight-for-length. Nine studies were included: four randomized controlled trials (RCT) and five cohort studies. All studies, except one, were conducted in high income countries. There was a low certainty of evidence that cow’s milk increased the risk of anemia compared to formula milk (Cohort studies RR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.15, 4.43, RCTs: RR: 4.03, 95% CI: 1.68, 9.65) and gastrointestinal blood loss (Cohort study RR: 1.52, 95% CI: 0.73, 3.16, RCTs: RR: 3.14, 95% CI: 0.98, 10.04). Additionally, there was low certainty evidence that animal milk consumption may not have a differential effect on weight and length-for-age compared to formula milk. Overall, the evidence was of low certainty and no solid conclusions can be drawn from this data. Further studies are needed from low- and middle-income countries to assess optimal milk type in non-breastfed infants aged 6–11 months.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/488animal’s milkinfant formulaanemiacow’s milk |
| spellingShingle | Julie M. Ehrlich Joseph Catania Muizz Zaman Emily Tanner Smith Abigail Smith Olivia Tsistinas Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta Aamer Imdad The Effect of Consumption of Animal Milk Compared to Infant Formula for Non-Breastfed/Mixed-Fed Infants 6–11 Months of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Nutrients animal’s milk infant formula anemia cow’s milk |
| title | The Effect of Consumption of Animal Milk Compared to Infant Formula for Non-Breastfed/Mixed-Fed Infants 6–11 Months of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full | The Effect of Consumption of Animal Milk Compared to Infant Formula for Non-Breastfed/Mixed-Fed Infants 6–11 Months of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Consumption of Animal Milk Compared to Infant Formula for Non-Breastfed/Mixed-Fed Infants 6–11 Months of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Consumption of Animal Milk Compared to Infant Formula for Non-Breastfed/Mixed-Fed Infants 6–11 Months of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_short | The Effect of Consumption of Animal Milk Compared to Infant Formula for Non-Breastfed/Mixed-Fed Infants 6–11 Months of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_sort | effect of consumption of animal milk compared to infant formula for non breastfed mixed fed infants 6 11 months of age a systematic review and meta analysis |
| topic | animal’s milk infant formula anemia cow’s milk |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/488 |
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