Inter-Varietal Variation in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Two <i>Brassica rapa</i> Varieties: Influence on Pro-Inflammatory Mediators
The present research study aims to appraise the potential of polyphenol-rich extracts from two <i>Brassica rapa</i> varieties on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Methanol extracts of peels and pulps of <i>Bra...
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/1/117 |
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| author | Nida Nazar Abdullah Ijaz Hussain Hassaan Anwer Rathore |
| author_facet | Nida Nazar Abdullah Ijaz Hussain Hassaan Anwer Rathore |
| author_sort | Nida Nazar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present research study aims to appraise the potential of polyphenol-rich extracts from two <i>Brassica rapa</i> varieties on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Methanol extracts of peels and pulps of <i>Brassica rapa</i> yellow root (BRYR) and <i>Brassica rapa</i> white root (BRWR) were prepared using the soxhlet extraction technique. All four extracts were analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) for the polyphenols, and results showed that 10 phenolic acids and 4 flavonoids were detected. Gallic acid was the major phenolic acid (174.6–642.3 mg/100 g of dry plant material) while catechin was the major (34.45–358.5 mg/100 g of dry plant material) flavonoid detected in the extracts. The total phenolic contents (TPC) of BRYR peel, BRWR peel, BRYR pulp and BRWR pulp extracts were in the range of 1.21–5.01 mg/g of dry plant material, measured as GAE, whereas the total flavonoid contents (TFC) were found in the range of 0.90–3.95 mg/g of dry plant material, measured as QE. BRYR peel extract exhibited the best DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC<sub>50</sub>, 3.85 µg/mL) and reducing potential as compared with other extracts. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potential was assessed by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, and the analgesic potential was investigated by a hot plate test. Suppression of biochemical inflammatory biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration were also determined. Results showed that BRYR peel extracts reduced paw edema and suppressed the production of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and RF most significantly, followed by BRWR peel, BRYR pulp and BRWR pulp extracts. In addition, histopathology observation also supports the anti-inflammatory effect of peel extracts as being greater than that of root pulp extracts. Moreover, it was observed that the analgesic effect of the root-peel extracts was also more pronounced as compared with root-pulp extracts. It can be concluded that BRYR peel extract has higher phenolic contents and showed higher suppression of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and RF, with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:01:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-039b3eef0ce249199358aa400c13d813 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:01:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-039b3eef0ce249199358aa400c13d8132024-01-10T15:04:12ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-12-0129111710.3390/molecules29010117Inter-Varietal Variation in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Two <i>Brassica rapa</i> Varieties: Influence on Pro-Inflammatory MediatorsNida Nazar0Abdullah Ijaz Hussain1Hassaan Anwer Rathore2Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, QatarThe present research study aims to appraise the potential of polyphenol-rich extracts from two <i>Brassica rapa</i> varieties on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Methanol extracts of peels and pulps of <i>Brassica rapa</i> yellow root (BRYR) and <i>Brassica rapa</i> white root (BRWR) were prepared using the soxhlet extraction technique. All four extracts were analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) for the polyphenols, and results showed that 10 phenolic acids and 4 flavonoids were detected. Gallic acid was the major phenolic acid (174.6–642.3 mg/100 g of dry plant material) while catechin was the major (34.45–358.5 mg/100 g of dry plant material) flavonoid detected in the extracts. The total phenolic contents (TPC) of BRYR peel, BRWR peel, BRYR pulp and BRWR pulp extracts were in the range of 1.21–5.01 mg/g of dry plant material, measured as GAE, whereas the total flavonoid contents (TFC) were found in the range of 0.90–3.95 mg/g of dry plant material, measured as QE. BRYR peel extract exhibited the best DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC<sub>50</sub>, 3.85 µg/mL) and reducing potential as compared with other extracts. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potential was assessed by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, and the analgesic potential was investigated by a hot plate test. Suppression of biochemical inflammatory biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration were also determined. Results showed that BRYR peel extracts reduced paw edema and suppressed the production of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and RF most significantly, followed by BRWR peel, BRYR pulp and BRWR pulp extracts. In addition, histopathology observation also supports the anti-inflammatory effect of peel extracts as being greater than that of root pulp extracts. Moreover, it was observed that the analgesic effect of the root-peel extracts was also more pronounced as compared with root-pulp extracts. It can be concluded that BRYR peel extract has higher phenolic contents and showed higher suppression of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and RF, with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/1/117polyphenolscarrageenanC-reactive proteinTNF-αIL-6rheumatoid factor |
| spellingShingle | Nida Nazar Abdullah Ijaz Hussain Hassaan Anwer Rathore Inter-Varietal Variation in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Two <i>Brassica rapa</i> Varieties: Influence on Pro-Inflammatory Mediators Molecules polyphenols carrageenan C-reactive protein TNF-α IL-6 rheumatoid factor |
| title | Inter-Varietal Variation in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Two <i>Brassica rapa</i> Varieties: Influence on Pro-Inflammatory Mediators |
| title_full | Inter-Varietal Variation in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Two <i>Brassica rapa</i> Varieties: Influence on Pro-Inflammatory Mediators |
| title_fullStr | Inter-Varietal Variation in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Two <i>Brassica rapa</i> Varieties: Influence on Pro-Inflammatory Mediators |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inter-Varietal Variation in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Two <i>Brassica rapa</i> Varieties: Influence on Pro-Inflammatory Mediators |
| title_short | Inter-Varietal Variation in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Two <i>Brassica rapa</i> Varieties: Influence on Pro-Inflammatory Mediators |
| title_sort | inter varietal variation in phenolic profile antioxidant anti inflammatory and analgesic activities of two i brassica rapa i varieties influence on pro inflammatory mediators |
| topic | polyphenols carrageenan C-reactive protein TNF-α IL-6 rheumatoid factor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/1/117 |
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