Reactive and Hydraulic Behavior of Granular Mixtures Composed of Zero Valent Iron
Zero valent iron (ZVI) is widely used in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) for the remediation of contaminated groundwater. The hydraulic conductivity of ZVI can be reduced due to iron corrosion processes activated by water and its constituents including pollutants. To overcome this issue, ZVI part...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/22/3613 |
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| author | Stefania Bilardi Paolo S. Calabrò Nicola Moraci |
| author_facet | Stefania Bilardi Paolo S. Calabrò Nicola Moraci |
| author_sort | Stefania Bilardi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Zero valent iron (ZVI) is widely used in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) for the remediation of contaminated groundwater. The hydraulic conductivity of ZVI can be reduced due to iron corrosion processes activated by water and its constituents including pollutants. To overcome this issue, ZVI particles can be mixed with granular materials that avoid a drastic reduction in the hydraulic conductivity over time. In light of the most recent studies concerning iron corrosion processes and recalling the basic principles of century-old chemistry of iron corrosion, we have revised the results of 24 long-term column tests investigating the hydraulic and reactive behavior of granular mixtures composed of ZVI and pumice or lapillus. From this analysis, we found a clear correlation between the reactive behavior, described by the retardation factor (i.e., the ratio between flow velocity and propagation velocity of the contamination front), and the hydraulic behavior, described by means of the permeability ratio of the reactive medium (i.e., the ratio between the final and initial value of hydraulic conductivity). In particular, the permeability ratio decreased with the increase in the retardation factor. Moreover, it was found that the retardation factor is a useful parameter to evaluate the influence of flow rate, contaminant concentration, and ZVI content on the reactive behavior of the granular medium. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:55:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-03a7b655f97d4f15ab4dddf72acf47a1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:55:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-03a7b655f97d4f15ab4dddf72acf47a12023-11-24T10:20:06ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-11-011422361310.3390/w14223613Reactive and Hydraulic Behavior of Granular Mixtures Composed of Zero Valent IronStefania Bilardi0Paolo S. Calabrò1Nicola Moraci2Department DICEAM, Via Graziella, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89122 Reggio Calabria, ItalyDepartment DICEAM, Via Graziella, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89122 Reggio Calabria, ItalyDepartment DICEAM, Via Graziella, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89122 Reggio Calabria, ItalyZero valent iron (ZVI) is widely used in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) for the remediation of contaminated groundwater. The hydraulic conductivity of ZVI can be reduced due to iron corrosion processes activated by water and its constituents including pollutants. To overcome this issue, ZVI particles can be mixed with granular materials that avoid a drastic reduction in the hydraulic conductivity over time. In light of the most recent studies concerning iron corrosion processes and recalling the basic principles of century-old chemistry of iron corrosion, we have revised the results of 24 long-term column tests investigating the hydraulic and reactive behavior of granular mixtures composed of ZVI and pumice or lapillus. From this analysis, we found a clear correlation between the reactive behavior, described by the retardation factor (i.e., the ratio between flow velocity and propagation velocity of the contamination front), and the hydraulic behavior, described by means of the permeability ratio of the reactive medium (i.e., the ratio between the final and initial value of hydraulic conductivity). In particular, the permeability ratio decreased with the increase in the retardation factor. Moreover, it was found that the retardation factor is a useful parameter to evaluate the influence of flow rate, contaminant concentration, and ZVI content on the reactive behavior of the granular medium.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/22/3613column testhydraulic conductivityiron corrosionpermeable reactive barriersretardation factor |
| spellingShingle | Stefania Bilardi Paolo S. Calabrò Nicola Moraci Reactive and Hydraulic Behavior of Granular Mixtures Composed of Zero Valent Iron Water column test hydraulic conductivity iron corrosion permeable reactive barriers retardation factor |
| title | Reactive and Hydraulic Behavior of Granular Mixtures Composed of Zero Valent Iron |
| title_full | Reactive and Hydraulic Behavior of Granular Mixtures Composed of Zero Valent Iron |
| title_fullStr | Reactive and Hydraulic Behavior of Granular Mixtures Composed of Zero Valent Iron |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reactive and Hydraulic Behavior of Granular Mixtures Composed of Zero Valent Iron |
| title_short | Reactive and Hydraulic Behavior of Granular Mixtures Composed of Zero Valent Iron |
| title_sort | reactive and hydraulic behavior of granular mixtures composed of zero valent iron |
| topic | column test hydraulic conductivity iron corrosion permeable reactive barriers retardation factor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/22/3613 |
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