Stem Cell Origin of Cancer: Clinical Implications beyond Immunotherapy for Drug versus Therapy Development in Cancer Care
Although immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer care, there is still an urgent need to enhance its efficacy and ensure its safety. A correct cancer theory and proper scientific method empower pertinent cancer research and enable effective and efficient drug versus therapy development for patient ca...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/6/1151 |
| _version_ | 1797241703430619136 |
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| author | Shi-Ming Tu Anup K. Trikannad Sruthi Vellanki Munawwar Hussain Nazish Malik Sunny R. Singh Anusha Jillella Sri Obulareddy Sindhu Malapati Sajjad A. Bhatti Konstantinos Arnaoutakis Omar T. Atiq |
| author_facet | Shi-Ming Tu Anup K. Trikannad Sruthi Vellanki Munawwar Hussain Nazish Malik Sunny R. Singh Anusha Jillella Sri Obulareddy Sindhu Malapati Sajjad A. Bhatti Konstantinos Arnaoutakis Omar T. Atiq |
| author_sort | Shi-Ming Tu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer care, there is still an urgent need to enhance its efficacy and ensure its safety. A correct cancer theory and proper scientific method empower pertinent cancer research and enable effective and efficient drug versus therapy development for patient care. In this perspective, we revisit the concept of immune privilege in a cancer cell versus normal cell, as well as in a cancer stem cell versus normal stem cell. We re-examine whether effective immunotherapies are efficacious due to their anti-cancer and/or immune modulatory mechanisms. We reassess why checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) are not equal. We reconsider whether one can attribute the utility of immunotherapy to specific cancer subtypes and its futility to certain tumor/immune compartments, components, and microenvironments. We propose ways and means to advance immunotherapy beyond CPIs by combining anti-PD1/L1 with various other treatment modalities according to an appropriate scientific theory, e.g., stem cell origin of cancer, and based on available clinical evidence, e.g., randomized clinical trials. We predict that a stem cell theory of cancer will facilitate the design of better and safer immunotherapy with improved selection of its use for the right patient with the right cancer type at the right time to optimize clinical benefits and minimize potential toxic effects and complications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:27:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-03a7cada02d84da48a2d97fc28e6b873 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:27:32Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-03a7cada02d84da48a2d97fc28e6b8732024-03-27T13:29:58ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942024-03-01166115110.3390/cancers16061151Stem Cell Origin of Cancer: Clinical Implications beyond Immunotherapy for Drug versus Therapy Development in Cancer CareShi-Ming Tu0Anup K. Trikannad1Sruthi Vellanki2Munawwar Hussain3Nazish Malik4Sunny R. Singh5Anusha Jillella6Sri Obulareddy7Sindhu Malapati8Sajjad A. Bhatti9Konstantinos Arnaoutakis10Omar T. Atiq11Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADivision of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADivision of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADivision of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADivision of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADivision of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADivision of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADivision of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADivision of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADivision of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADivision of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADivision of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USAAlthough immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer care, there is still an urgent need to enhance its efficacy and ensure its safety. A correct cancer theory and proper scientific method empower pertinent cancer research and enable effective and efficient drug versus therapy development for patient care. In this perspective, we revisit the concept of immune privilege in a cancer cell versus normal cell, as well as in a cancer stem cell versus normal stem cell. We re-examine whether effective immunotherapies are efficacious due to their anti-cancer and/or immune modulatory mechanisms. We reassess why checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) are not equal. We reconsider whether one can attribute the utility of immunotherapy to specific cancer subtypes and its futility to certain tumor/immune compartments, components, and microenvironments. We propose ways and means to advance immunotherapy beyond CPIs by combining anti-PD1/L1 with various other treatment modalities according to an appropriate scientific theory, e.g., stem cell origin of cancer, and based on available clinical evidence, e.g., randomized clinical trials. We predict that a stem cell theory of cancer will facilitate the design of better and safer immunotherapy with improved selection of its use for the right patient with the right cancer type at the right time to optimize clinical benefits and minimize potential toxic effects and complications.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/6/1151immunotherapycancer stem cellimmune privilegeimmune modulationdrug developmentmultimodal therapy |
| spellingShingle | Shi-Ming Tu Anup K. Trikannad Sruthi Vellanki Munawwar Hussain Nazish Malik Sunny R. Singh Anusha Jillella Sri Obulareddy Sindhu Malapati Sajjad A. Bhatti Konstantinos Arnaoutakis Omar T. Atiq Stem Cell Origin of Cancer: Clinical Implications beyond Immunotherapy for Drug versus Therapy Development in Cancer Care Cancers immunotherapy cancer stem cell immune privilege immune modulation drug development multimodal therapy |
| title | Stem Cell Origin of Cancer: Clinical Implications beyond Immunotherapy for Drug versus Therapy Development in Cancer Care |
| title_full | Stem Cell Origin of Cancer: Clinical Implications beyond Immunotherapy for Drug versus Therapy Development in Cancer Care |
| title_fullStr | Stem Cell Origin of Cancer: Clinical Implications beyond Immunotherapy for Drug versus Therapy Development in Cancer Care |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stem Cell Origin of Cancer: Clinical Implications beyond Immunotherapy for Drug versus Therapy Development in Cancer Care |
| title_short | Stem Cell Origin of Cancer: Clinical Implications beyond Immunotherapy for Drug versus Therapy Development in Cancer Care |
| title_sort | stem cell origin of cancer clinical implications beyond immunotherapy for drug versus therapy development in cancer care |
| topic | immunotherapy cancer stem cell immune privilege immune modulation drug development multimodal therapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/6/1151 |
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