Patterns of Carpel Structure, Development, and Evolution in Monocots
The phenomenon of heterochrony, or shifts in the relative timing of ontogenetic events, is important for understanding many aspects of plant evolution, including applied issues such as crop yield. In this paper, we review heterochronic shifts in the evolution of an important floral organ, the carpel...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/24/4138 |
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| author | Margarita V. Remizowa Dmitry D. Sokoloff |
| author_facet | Margarita V. Remizowa Dmitry D. Sokoloff |
| author_sort | Margarita V. Remizowa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The phenomenon of heterochrony, or shifts in the relative timing of ontogenetic events, is important for understanding many aspects of plant evolution, including applied issues such as crop yield. In this paper, we review heterochronic shifts in the evolution of an important floral organ, the carpel. The carpels, being ovule-bearing organs, facilitate fertilisation, seed, and fruit formation. It is the carpel that provides the key character of flowering plants, angiospermy. In many angiosperms, a carpel has two zones: proximal ascidiate and distal plicate. When carpels are free (apocarpous gynoecium), the plicate zone has a ventral slit where carpel margins meet and fuse during ontogeny; the ascidiate zone is sac-like from inception and has no ventral slit. When carpels are united in a syncarpous gynoecium, a synascidiate zone has as many locules as carpels, whereas a symplicate zone is unilocular, at least early in ontogeny. In ontogeny, either the (syn)ascidiate or (sym)plicate zone is first to initiate. The two developmental patterns are called early and late peltation, respectively. In extreme cases, either the (sym)plicate or (syn)ascidiate zone is completely lacking. Here, we discuss the diversity of carpel structure and development in a well-defined clade of angiosperms, the monocotyledons. We conclude that the common ancestor of monocots had carpels with both zones and late peltation. This result was found irrespective of the use of the plastid or nuclear phylogeny. Early peltation generally correlates with ovules belonging to the (syn)ascidiate zone, whereas late peltation is found mostly in monocots with a fertile (sym)plicate zone. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T18:34:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-03af3c3ea1a24b19ada5383968f49441 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T18:34:16Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-03af3c3ea1a24b19ada5383968f494412023-12-29T15:47:28ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-12-011224413810.3390/plants12244138Patterns of Carpel Structure, Development, and Evolution in MonocotsMargarita V. Remizowa0Dmitry D. Sokoloff1Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, RussiaBiological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, RussiaThe phenomenon of heterochrony, or shifts in the relative timing of ontogenetic events, is important for understanding many aspects of plant evolution, including applied issues such as crop yield. In this paper, we review heterochronic shifts in the evolution of an important floral organ, the carpel. The carpels, being ovule-bearing organs, facilitate fertilisation, seed, and fruit formation. It is the carpel that provides the key character of flowering plants, angiospermy. In many angiosperms, a carpel has two zones: proximal ascidiate and distal plicate. When carpels are free (apocarpous gynoecium), the plicate zone has a ventral slit where carpel margins meet and fuse during ontogeny; the ascidiate zone is sac-like from inception and has no ventral slit. When carpels are united in a syncarpous gynoecium, a synascidiate zone has as many locules as carpels, whereas a symplicate zone is unilocular, at least early in ontogeny. In ontogeny, either the (syn)ascidiate or (sym)plicate zone is first to initiate. The two developmental patterns are called early and late peltation, respectively. In extreme cases, either the (sym)plicate or (syn)ascidiate zone is completely lacking. Here, we discuss the diversity of carpel structure and development in a well-defined clade of angiosperms, the monocotyledons. We conclude that the common ancestor of monocots had carpels with both zones and late peltation. This result was found irrespective of the use of the plastid or nuclear phylogeny. Early peltation generally correlates with ovules belonging to the (syn)ascidiate zone, whereas late peltation is found mostly in monocots with a fertile (sym)plicate zone.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/24/4138ascidiate zonecarpeldevelopmentevolutionflowerheterochrony |
| spellingShingle | Margarita V. Remizowa Dmitry D. Sokoloff Patterns of Carpel Structure, Development, and Evolution in Monocots Plants ascidiate zone carpel development evolution flower heterochrony |
| title | Patterns of Carpel Structure, Development, and Evolution in Monocots |
| title_full | Patterns of Carpel Structure, Development, and Evolution in Monocots |
| title_fullStr | Patterns of Carpel Structure, Development, and Evolution in Monocots |
| title_full_unstemmed | Patterns of Carpel Structure, Development, and Evolution in Monocots |
| title_short | Patterns of Carpel Structure, Development, and Evolution in Monocots |
| title_sort | patterns of carpel structure development and evolution in monocots |
| topic | ascidiate zone carpel development evolution flower heterochrony |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/24/4138 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT margaritavremizowa patternsofcarpelstructuredevelopmentandevolutioninmonocots AT dmitrydsokoloff patternsofcarpelstructuredevelopmentandevolutioninmonocots |