| Summary: | Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of several diseases of importance for public health, including leishmaniosis, bartonellosis, and sand fly fevers. An entomological survey on blood-feeding Diptera was conducted in June–November 2020–2021 to know the diversity of insect vectors in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). Among the vectors collected, <i>Phlebotomus</i> (<i>Larroussius</i>) <i>perfiliewi</i> Parrot, 1930 was found being the first record of this species in Spain. <i>Phlebotomus perfiliewi</i> s.l. is one of the main vectors of <i>Leishmania infantum</i> in the Mediterranean Basin and Central Asia. The identification of this species was confirmed by both morphological features and DNA barcoding. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the specimens captured were <i>Ph. perfiliewi</i> s.s. (99.85–100% homologues from Italy and Algeria specimens), with a sequence divergence of 0.17%. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene clearly separates the three species that make up the <i>Ph. perfiliewi</i> species complex. In addition, we also provide a brief discussion about their identification remarks, phylogenetic relationships, and vector status.
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