Accurate Reference Gas Mixtures Containing Tritiated Molecules: Their Production and Raman-Based Analysis
Highly accurate, quantitative analyses of mixtures of hydrogen isotopologues—both the stable species, H<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>2</sub>, and HD, and the radioactive species, T<sub>2</sub>, HT, and DT—are of great importance in fields as diverse as deuterium–tritium fus...
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| author | Simon Niemes Helmut H. Telle Beate Bornschein Lucian Fasselt Robin Größle Florian Priester Magnus Schlösser Michael Sturm Stefan Welte Genrich Zeller |
| author_facet | Simon Niemes Helmut H. Telle Beate Bornschein Lucian Fasselt Robin Größle Florian Priester Magnus Schlösser Michael Sturm Stefan Welte Genrich Zeller |
| author_sort | Simon Niemes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Highly accurate, quantitative analyses of mixtures of hydrogen isotopologues—both the stable species, H<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>2</sub>, and HD, and the radioactive species, T<sub>2</sub>, HT, and DT—are of great importance in fields as diverse as deuterium–tritium fusion, neutrino mass measurements using tritium β-decay, or for photonuclear experiments in which hydrogen–deuterium targets are used. In this publication we describe a production, handling, and analysis facility capable of fabricating well-defined gas samples, which may contain any of the stable and radioactive hydrogen isotopologues, with sub-percent accuracy for the relative species concentrations. The production is based on precise manometric gas mixing of H<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>2</sub>, and T<sub>2</sub>. The heteronuclear isotopologues HD, HT, and DT are generated via controlled, in-line catalytic reaction or by β-induced self-equilibration, respectively. The analysis was carried out using an in-line intensity- and wavelength-calibrated Raman spectroscopy system. This allows for continuous monitoring of the composition of the circulating gas during the self-equilibration or catalytic evolution phases. During all procedures, effects, such as exchange reactions with wall materials, were considered with care. Together with measurement statistics, these and other systematic effects were included in the determination of composition uncertainties of the generated reference gas samples. Measurement and calibration accuracy at the level of 1% was achieved. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:13:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-03c87d81e94c4836bb623e3fd62cbe99 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:13:06Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-03c87d81e94c4836bb623e3fd62cbe992023-11-22T15:12:44ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-09-012118617010.3390/s21186170Accurate Reference Gas Mixtures Containing Tritiated Molecules: Their Production and Raman-Based AnalysisSimon Niemes0Helmut H. Telle1Beate Bornschein2Lucian Fasselt3Robin Größle4Florian Priester5Magnus Schlösser6Michael Sturm7Stefan Welte8Genrich Zeller9Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyDepartamento de Química Física Aplicada, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, SpainTritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyTritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyTritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyTritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyTritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyTritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyTritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyTritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyHighly accurate, quantitative analyses of mixtures of hydrogen isotopologues—both the stable species, H<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>2</sub>, and HD, and the radioactive species, T<sub>2</sub>, HT, and DT—are of great importance in fields as diverse as deuterium–tritium fusion, neutrino mass measurements using tritium β-decay, or for photonuclear experiments in which hydrogen–deuterium targets are used. In this publication we describe a production, handling, and analysis facility capable of fabricating well-defined gas samples, which may contain any of the stable and radioactive hydrogen isotopologues, with sub-percent accuracy for the relative species concentrations. The production is based on precise manometric gas mixing of H<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>2</sub>, and T<sub>2</sub>. The heteronuclear isotopologues HD, HT, and DT are generated via controlled, in-line catalytic reaction or by β-induced self-equilibration, respectively. The analysis was carried out using an in-line intensity- and wavelength-calibrated Raman spectroscopy system. This allows for continuous monitoring of the composition of the circulating gas during the self-equilibration or catalytic evolution phases. During all procedures, effects, such as exchange reactions with wall materials, were considered with care. Together with measurement statistics, these and other systematic effects were included in the determination of composition uncertainties of the generated reference gas samples. Measurement and calibration accuracy at the level of 1% was achieved.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/18/6170Raman spectroscopytritiated moleculesgas mixingβ-induced self-equilibrationtritiated reference samples |
| spellingShingle | Simon Niemes Helmut H. Telle Beate Bornschein Lucian Fasselt Robin Größle Florian Priester Magnus Schlösser Michael Sturm Stefan Welte Genrich Zeller Accurate Reference Gas Mixtures Containing Tritiated Molecules: Their Production and Raman-Based Analysis Sensors Raman spectroscopy tritiated molecules gas mixing β-induced self-equilibration tritiated reference samples |
| title | Accurate Reference Gas Mixtures Containing Tritiated Molecules: Their Production and Raman-Based Analysis |
| title_full | Accurate Reference Gas Mixtures Containing Tritiated Molecules: Their Production and Raman-Based Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Accurate Reference Gas Mixtures Containing Tritiated Molecules: Their Production and Raman-Based Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Accurate Reference Gas Mixtures Containing Tritiated Molecules: Their Production and Raman-Based Analysis |
| title_short | Accurate Reference Gas Mixtures Containing Tritiated Molecules: Their Production and Raman-Based Analysis |
| title_sort | accurate reference gas mixtures containing tritiated molecules their production and raman based analysis |
| topic | Raman spectroscopy tritiated molecules gas mixing β-induced self-equilibration tritiated reference samples |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/18/6170 |
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