The Oral-Gut-Brain AXIS: The Influence of Microbes in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed neurodegenerative disorders worldwide and poses a major challenge for both affected individuals and their caregivers. AD is a progressive neurological disorder associated with high rates of brain atrophy. Despite its durable influence...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.633735/full |
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| author | Narengaowa Wei Kong Fei Lan Umer Farooq Awan Hong Qing Junjun Ni |
| author_facet | Narengaowa Wei Kong Fei Lan Umer Farooq Awan Hong Qing Junjun Ni |
| author_sort | Narengaowa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed neurodegenerative disorders worldwide and poses a major challenge for both affected individuals and their caregivers. AD is a progressive neurological disorder associated with high rates of brain atrophy. Despite its durable influence on human health, understanding AD has been complicated by its enigmatic and multifactorial nature. Neurofibrillary tangles and the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein are typical pathological features and fundamental causes of cognitive impairment in AD patients. Dysbiosis of oral and gut microbiota has been reported to induce and accelerate the formation of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. For instance, some oral microbes can spread to the brain through cranial nerves or cellular infections, which has been suggested to increase the risk of developing AD. Importantly, the interaction between intestinal microbiota and brain cells has been recognized as influencing the development of AD as well as other neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the metabolites produced by certain intestinal microorganisms can affect the activity of microglia and further mediate neuroinflammation, which is a leading cause of neuronal necrosis and AD pathogenesis. Which pathogens and associated pathways are involved in the development and progression of AD remains to be elucidated; however, it is well-known that gut microbiota and their metabolites can affect the brain by both direct and indirect means. Understanding the specific mechanisms involved in the interaction between these pathogens and the nervous system is vital for the early intervention in AD. In this review, we aim to comprehensively discuss the possible mechanistic pathways underlying the oral-brain, the gut-brain and the oral-gut-brain associations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T19:50:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-03d7dc5f1ccf4cba8a7e0a72db08e39e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-5102 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T19:50:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-03d7dc5f1ccf4cba8a7e0a72db08e39e2022-12-21T21:34:44ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience1662-51022021-04-011510.3389/fncel.2021.633735633735The Oral-Gut-Brain AXIS: The Influence of Microbes in Alzheimer’s Disease Narengaowa0Wei Kong1Fei Lan2Umer Farooq Awan3Hong Qing4Junjun Ni5Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, ChinaLaboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, Government College University, Lahore, PakistanKey Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, ChinaAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed neurodegenerative disorders worldwide and poses a major challenge for both affected individuals and their caregivers. AD is a progressive neurological disorder associated with high rates of brain atrophy. Despite its durable influence on human health, understanding AD has been complicated by its enigmatic and multifactorial nature. Neurofibrillary tangles and the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein are typical pathological features and fundamental causes of cognitive impairment in AD patients. Dysbiosis of oral and gut microbiota has been reported to induce and accelerate the formation of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. For instance, some oral microbes can spread to the brain through cranial nerves or cellular infections, which has been suggested to increase the risk of developing AD. Importantly, the interaction between intestinal microbiota and brain cells has been recognized as influencing the development of AD as well as other neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the metabolites produced by certain intestinal microorganisms can affect the activity of microglia and further mediate neuroinflammation, which is a leading cause of neuronal necrosis and AD pathogenesis. Which pathogens and associated pathways are involved in the development and progression of AD remains to be elucidated; however, it is well-known that gut microbiota and their metabolites can affect the brain by both direct and indirect means. Understanding the specific mechanisms involved in the interaction between these pathogens and the nervous system is vital for the early intervention in AD. In this review, we aim to comprehensively discuss the possible mechanistic pathways underlying the oral-brain, the gut-brain and the oral-gut-brain associations.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.633735/fulloral-gut-brain axismicrobespathogensneuroinflammationAlzheimer’s disease |
| spellingShingle | Narengaowa Wei Kong Fei Lan Umer Farooq Awan Hong Qing Junjun Ni The Oral-Gut-Brain AXIS: The Influence of Microbes in Alzheimer’s Disease Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience oral-gut-brain axis microbes pathogens neuroinflammation Alzheimer’s disease |
| title | The Oral-Gut-Brain AXIS: The Influence of Microbes in Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_full | The Oral-Gut-Brain AXIS: The Influence of Microbes in Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_fullStr | The Oral-Gut-Brain AXIS: The Influence of Microbes in Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Oral-Gut-Brain AXIS: The Influence of Microbes in Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_short | The Oral-Gut-Brain AXIS: The Influence of Microbes in Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_sort | oral gut brain axis the influence of microbes in alzheimer s disease |
| topic | oral-gut-brain axis microbes pathogens neuroinflammation Alzheimer’s disease |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.633735/full |
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