Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/8/1657 |
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| author | Fatai S. Oladunni Saheed Oluwasina Oseni Luis Martinez-Sobrido Thomas M. Chambers |
| author_facet | Fatai S. Oladunni Saheed Oluwasina Oseni Luis Martinez-Sobrido Thomas M. Chambers |
| author_sort | Fatai S. Oladunni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which was first isolated in the early 1960s, remains a major threat to most of the world’s horse populations. It can also infect dogs. The ability of EIV to constantly accumulate mutations in its antibody-binding sites enables it to evade host protective immunity, making it a successful viral pathogen. Clinical and virological protection against EIV is achieved by stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immunity in vaccinated horses. However, despite EI vaccine updates over the years, EIV remains relevant, because the protective effects of vaccines decay and permit subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible populations. In this review, we describe how the evolution of EIV drives repeated EI outbreaks even in horse populations with supposedly high vaccination coverage. Next, we discuss the approaches employed to develop efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use and the existing system for recommendations on updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to improve protective immunity in vaccinated horse populations. Understanding how EIV biology can be better harnessed to improve EI vaccines is central to controlling EI. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:17:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-03f0fc0d054d423787022fe034686a10 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:17:11Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-03f0fc0d054d423787022fe034686a102023-11-22T10:12:52ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152021-08-01138165710.3390/v13081657Equine Influenza Virus and VaccinesFatai S. Oladunni0Saheed Oluwasina Oseni1Luis Martinez-Sobrido2Thomas M. Chambers3Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Davie, FL 33431, USATexas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USADepartment of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USAEquine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which was first isolated in the early 1960s, remains a major threat to most of the world’s horse populations. It can also infect dogs. The ability of EIV to constantly accumulate mutations in its antibody-binding sites enables it to evade host protective immunity, making it a successful viral pathogen. Clinical and virological protection against EIV is achieved by stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immunity in vaccinated horses. However, despite EI vaccine updates over the years, EIV remains relevant, because the protective effects of vaccines decay and permit subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible populations. In this review, we describe how the evolution of EIV drives repeated EI outbreaks even in horse populations with supposedly high vaccination coverage. Next, we discuss the approaches employed to develop efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use and the existing system for recommendations on updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to improve protective immunity in vaccinated horse populations. Understanding how EIV biology can be better harnessed to improve EI vaccines is central to controlling EI.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/8/1657equine influenzaequine influenza virusequine influenza vaccineH3N8adaptive immunitycellular immunity |
| spellingShingle | Fatai S. Oladunni Saheed Oluwasina Oseni Luis Martinez-Sobrido Thomas M. Chambers Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines Viruses equine influenza equine influenza virus equine influenza vaccine H3N8 adaptive immunity cellular immunity |
| title | Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines |
| title_full | Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines |
| title_fullStr | Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines |
| title_short | Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines |
| title_sort | equine influenza virus and vaccines |
| topic | equine influenza equine influenza virus equine influenza vaccine H3N8 adaptive immunity cellular immunity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/8/1657 |
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