Association of low serum aluminum level with mortality in hemodialysis patients
Ching-Wei Hsu,1–3 Cheng-Hao Weng,1–3 Cheng-Chia Lee,1–3 Dan-Tzu Lin-Tan,1–3 Kuan-Hsing Chen,1–3 Tzung-Hai Yen,1–3 Wen-Hung Huang1–3 1Department of Nephrology, Division of Clinical Toxicology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei,...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Dove Medical Press
2016-09-01
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| Series: | Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |
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| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/association-of-low-serum-aluminum-level-with-mortality-in-hemodialysis-peer-reviewed-article-TCRM |
| _version_ | 1819145300276674560 |
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| author | Hsu CW Weng CH Lee CC Lin-Tan DT Chen KH Yen TH Huang WH |
| author_facet | Hsu CW Weng CH Lee CC Lin-Tan DT Chen KH Yen TH Huang WH |
| author_sort | Hsu CW |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ching-Wei Hsu,1–3 Cheng-Hao Weng,1–3 Cheng-Chia Lee,1–3 Dan-Tzu Lin-Tan,1–3 Kuan-Hsing Chen,1–3 Tzung-Hai Yen,1–3 Wen-Hung Huang1–3 1Department of Nephrology, Division of Clinical Toxicology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; 2Department of Nephrology, Division of Clinical Toxicology, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; 3Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China Background: The National Kidney Foundation–Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative recommends that the serum aluminum level (SAL) should be below 20 µg/L for patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). However, serum aluminum may have toxic effects on MHD patients even when it is in the apparently acceptable range (below 20 µg/L).Methods: The Medical Ethics Committee approved this study. Initially, 954 MHD patients in dialysis centers were recruited. A total of 901 patients met the inclusion criteria and were followed-up for 1 year. Patients were stratified by SAL into four equal-sized groups: first quartile (<6 µg/L), second quartile (6–9 µg/L), third quartile (9–13 µg/L), and fourth quartile (>13 µg/L). Demographic, biochemical, and dialysis-related data were obtained for analyses. A linear regression model was applied to identify factors associated with SAL. Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine the significance of variables in prediction of mortality.Results: Only 9.3% of MHD patients had SALs of 20 µg/L or more. At the end of the follow-up, 54 patients (6%) died, and the main cause of death was cardiovascular disease. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that patients in the fourth SAL quartile had higher mortality than those in the first SAL quartile (log rank test, χ2=13.47, P=0.004). Using the first quartile as reference, Cox multivariate analysis indicated that patients in the third quartile (hazard ratio =1.31, 95% confidence interval =1.12–1.53, P=0.038) and the fourth quartile (hazard ratio =3.19, 95% confidence interval =1.08–8.62, P=0.048) had increased risk of all-cause mortality.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that SAL, even when in an apparently acceptable range (below 20 µg/L), is associated with increased mortality in MHD patients. The findings suggest that avoiding exposure of aluminum as much as possible is warranted for MHD patients. Keywords: aluminum, mortality, hemodialysis |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T12:55:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-03f4d6eafdbd447491058193b643bed0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1178-203X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T12:55:50Z |
| publishDate | 2016-09-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |
| spelling | doaj.art-03f4d6eafdbd447491058193b643bed02022-12-21T18:25:07ZengDove Medical PressTherapeutics and Clinical Risk Management1178-203X2016-09-01Volume 121417142428918Association of low serum aluminum level with mortality in hemodialysis patientsHsu CWWeng CHLee CCLin-Tan DTChen KHYen THHuang WHChing-Wei Hsu,1–3 Cheng-Hao Weng,1–3 Cheng-Chia Lee,1–3 Dan-Tzu Lin-Tan,1–3 Kuan-Hsing Chen,1–3 Tzung-Hai Yen,1–3 Wen-Hung Huang1–3 1Department of Nephrology, Division of Clinical Toxicology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; 2Department of Nephrology, Division of Clinical Toxicology, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; 3Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China Background: The National Kidney Foundation–Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative recommends that the serum aluminum level (SAL) should be below 20 µg/L for patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). However, serum aluminum may have toxic effects on MHD patients even when it is in the apparently acceptable range (below 20 µg/L).Methods: The Medical Ethics Committee approved this study. Initially, 954 MHD patients in dialysis centers were recruited. A total of 901 patients met the inclusion criteria and were followed-up for 1 year. Patients were stratified by SAL into four equal-sized groups: first quartile (<6 µg/L), second quartile (6–9 µg/L), third quartile (9–13 µg/L), and fourth quartile (>13 µg/L). Demographic, biochemical, and dialysis-related data were obtained for analyses. A linear regression model was applied to identify factors associated with SAL. Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine the significance of variables in prediction of mortality.Results: Only 9.3% of MHD patients had SALs of 20 µg/L or more. At the end of the follow-up, 54 patients (6%) died, and the main cause of death was cardiovascular disease. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that patients in the fourth SAL quartile had higher mortality than those in the first SAL quartile (log rank test, χ2=13.47, P=0.004). Using the first quartile as reference, Cox multivariate analysis indicated that patients in the third quartile (hazard ratio =1.31, 95% confidence interval =1.12–1.53, P=0.038) and the fourth quartile (hazard ratio =3.19, 95% confidence interval =1.08–8.62, P=0.048) had increased risk of all-cause mortality.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that SAL, even when in an apparently acceptable range (below 20 µg/L), is associated with increased mortality in MHD patients. The findings suggest that avoiding exposure of aluminum as much as possible is warranted for MHD patients. Keywords: aluminum, mortality, hemodialysishttps://www.dovepress.com/association-of-low-serum-aluminum-level-with-mortality-in-hemodialysis-peer-reviewed-article-TCRMaluminummortalityhemodialysis |
| spellingShingle | Hsu CW Weng CH Lee CC Lin-Tan DT Chen KH Yen TH Huang WH Association of low serum aluminum level with mortality in hemodialysis patients Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management aluminum mortality hemodialysis |
| title | Association of low serum aluminum level with mortality in hemodialysis patients |
| title_full | Association of low serum aluminum level with mortality in hemodialysis patients |
| title_fullStr | Association of low serum aluminum level with mortality in hemodialysis patients |
| title_full_unstemmed | Association of low serum aluminum level with mortality in hemodialysis patients |
| title_short | Association of low serum aluminum level with mortality in hemodialysis patients |
| title_sort | association of low serum aluminum level with mortality in hemodialysis patients |
| topic | aluminum mortality hemodialysis |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/association-of-low-serum-aluminum-level-with-mortality-in-hemodialysis-peer-reviewed-article-TCRM |
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