Large-scale synchronized activity in the embryonic brainstem and spinal cord
In the developing central nervous system, spontaneous activity appears well before the brain responds to external sensory inputs. One of the earliest activities is observed in the hindbrain and spinal cord, which is detected as rhythmic electrical discharges of cranial and spinal motoneurons or osc...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2013-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fncel.2013.00036/full |
| _version_ | 1818504261881823232 |
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| author | Yoko eMomose-Sato Katsushige eSato |
| author_facet | Yoko eMomose-Sato Katsushige eSato |
| author_sort | Yoko eMomose-Sato |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the developing central nervous system, spontaneous activity appears well before the brain responds to external sensory inputs. One of the earliest activities is observed in the hindbrain and spinal cord, which is detected as rhythmic electrical discharges of cranial and spinal motoneurons or oscillations of Ca2+- and voltage-related optical signals. Shortly after the initial expression, the spontaneous activity appearing in the hindbrain and spinal cord exhibits a large-scale correlated wave that propagates over a wide region of the central nervous system, maximally extending to the lumbosacral cord and to the forebrain. In this review, we describe several aspects of this synchronized activity by focusing on the basic properties, development, origin, propagation pattern, pharmacological characteristics, and possible mechanisms underlying the generation of the activity. These profiles differ from those of the respiratory and locomotion pattern generators observed in the mature brainstem and spinal cord, suggesting that the wave is primordial activity that appears during a specific period of embryonic development and plays some important roles in the development of the central nervous system. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T21:34:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-040fe720f1444e38b198f2feadfb9807 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-5102 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T21:34:50Z |
| publishDate | 2013-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-040fe720f1444e38b198f2feadfb98072022-12-22T01:32:40ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience1662-51022013-04-01710.3389/fncel.2013.0003644469Large-scale synchronized activity in the embryonic brainstem and spinal cordYoko eMomose-Sato0Katsushige eSato1Kanto Gakuin UniversityKomazawa Wowen's UniversityIn the developing central nervous system, spontaneous activity appears well before the brain responds to external sensory inputs. One of the earliest activities is observed in the hindbrain and spinal cord, which is detected as rhythmic electrical discharges of cranial and spinal motoneurons or oscillations of Ca2+- and voltage-related optical signals. Shortly after the initial expression, the spontaneous activity appearing in the hindbrain and spinal cord exhibits a large-scale correlated wave that propagates over a wide region of the central nervous system, maximally extending to the lumbosacral cord and to the forebrain. In this review, we describe several aspects of this synchronized activity by focusing on the basic properties, development, origin, propagation pattern, pharmacological characteristics, and possible mechanisms underlying the generation of the activity. These profiles differ from those of the respiratory and locomotion pattern generators observed in the mature brainstem and spinal cord, suggesting that the wave is primordial activity that appears during a specific period of embryonic development and plays some important roles in the development of the central nervous system.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fncel.2013.00036/fullSpinal Corddevelopmentbrainstemembryospontaneous activity |
| spellingShingle | Yoko eMomose-Sato Katsushige eSato Large-scale synchronized activity in the embryonic brainstem and spinal cord Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience Spinal Cord development brainstem embryo spontaneous activity |
| title | Large-scale synchronized activity in the embryonic brainstem and spinal cord |
| title_full | Large-scale synchronized activity in the embryonic brainstem and spinal cord |
| title_fullStr | Large-scale synchronized activity in the embryonic brainstem and spinal cord |
| title_full_unstemmed | Large-scale synchronized activity in the embryonic brainstem and spinal cord |
| title_short | Large-scale synchronized activity in the embryonic brainstem and spinal cord |
| title_sort | large scale synchronized activity in the embryonic brainstem and spinal cord |
| topic | Spinal Cord development brainstem embryo spontaneous activity |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fncel.2013.00036/full |
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