Real-Time Assessment of Mandarin Crop Water Stress Index
The use of plant-based indicators and other conventional means to detect the level of water stress in crops may be challenging, due to their difficulties in automation, their arduousness, and their time-consuming nature. Non-contact and non-destructive sensing methods can be used to detect the level...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4018 |
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| author | Sadick Amoakohene Appiah Jiuhao Li Yubin Lan Ransford Opoku Darko Kelvin Edom Alordzinu Alaa Al Aasmi Evans Asenso Fuseini Issaka Ebenezer Acheampong Afful Hao Wang Songyang Qiao |
| author_facet | Sadick Amoakohene Appiah Jiuhao Li Yubin Lan Ransford Opoku Darko Kelvin Edom Alordzinu Alaa Al Aasmi Evans Asenso Fuseini Issaka Ebenezer Acheampong Afful Hao Wang Songyang Qiao |
| author_sort | Sadick Amoakohene Appiah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The use of plant-based indicators and other conventional means to detect the level of water stress in crops may be challenging, due to their difficulties in automation, their arduousness, and their time-consuming nature. Non-contact and non-destructive sensing methods can be used to detect the level of water stress in plants continuously and to provide automatic sensing and controls. This research aimed at determining the viability, efficiency, and swiftness in employing the commercial Workswell WIRIS Agro R infrared camera (WWARIC) in monitoring water stress and scheduling appropriate irrigation regimes in mandarin plants. The experiment used a four-by-three randomized complete block design with 80–100% FC water treatment as full field capacity and three deficit irrigation treatments at 70–75% FC, 60–65% FC, and 50–55% FC. Air temperature, canopy temperature, and vapor pressure deficits were measured and employed to deduce the empirical crop water stress index, using the Idso approach (CWSI<sub>(Idso)</sub>) as well as baseline equations to calculate non-water stress and water stressed conditions. The relative leaf water content (RLWC) of mandarin plants was also determined for the growing season. From the experiment, CWSI<sub>(Idso)</sub> and CWSI were estimated using the Workswell Wiris Agro R infrared camera (CWSI<sub>W</sub>) and showed a high correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.75 at <i>p</i> < 0.05) in assessing the extent of water stress in mandarin plants. The results also showed that at an altitude of 12 m above the mandarin canopy, the WWARIC was able to identify water stress using three modes (empirical, differential, and theoretical). The WWARIC’s color map feature, presented in real time, makes the camera a suitable device, as there is no need for complex computations or expert advice before determining the extent of the stress the crops are subjected to. The results prove that this novel use of the WWARIC demonstrated sufficient precision, swiftness, and intelligibility in the real-time detection of the mandarin water stress index and, accordingly, assisted in scheduling irrigation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:53:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-041e4525d42f4763b9bd3598472e0318 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:53:27Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-041e4525d42f4763b9bd3598472e03182023-11-23T14:47:23ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-05-012211401810.3390/s22114018Real-Time Assessment of Mandarin Crop Water Stress IndexSadick Amoakohene Appiah0Jiuhao Li1Yubin Lan2Ransford Opoku Darko3Kelvin Edom Alordzinu4Alaa Al Aasmi5Evans Asenso6Fuseini Issaka7Ebenezer Acheampong Afful8Hao Wang9Songyang Qiao10College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Engineering, National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticides Spraying Technology (NPAAC), South China Agricultural University, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast PMB, GhanaCollege of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 77, GhanaSoil, Water and Environmental Engineering Division, Soil Research Institute of Ghana, Kumasi PMB, GhanaSoil Science Division, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (Ghana COCOBOD), New Tafo-Akim P.O. Box 8, GhanaCollege of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaThe use of plant-based indicators and other conventional means to detect the level of water stress in crops may be challenging, due to their difficulties in automation, their arduousness, and their time-consuming nature. Non-contact and non-destructive sensing methods can be used to detect the level of water stress in plants continuously and to provide automatic sensing and controls. This research aimed at determining the viability, efficiency, and swiftness in employing the commercial Workswell WIRIS Agro R infrared camera (WWARIC) in monitoring water stress and scheduling appropriate irrigation regimes in mandarin plants. The experiment used a four-by-three randomized complete block design with 80–100% FC water treatment as full field capacity and three deficit irrigation treatments at 70–75% FC, 60–65% FC, and 50–55% FC. Air temperature, canopy temperature, and vapor pressure deficits were measured and employed to deduce the empirical crop water stress index, using the Idso approach (CWSI<sub>(Idso)</sub>) as well as baseline equations to calculate non-water stress and water stressed conditions. The relative leaf water content (RLWC) of mandarin plants was also determined for the growing season. From the experiment, CWSI<sub>(Idso)</sub> and CWSI were estimated using the Workswell Wiris Agro R infrared camera (CWSI<sub>W</sub>) and showed a high correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.75 at <i>p</i> < 0.05) in assessing the extent of water stress in mandarin plants. The results also showed that at an altitude of 12 m above the mandarin canopy, the WWARIC was able to identify water stress using three modes (empirical, differential, and theoretical). The WWARIC’s color map feature, presented in real time, makes the camera a suitable device, as there is no need for complex computations or expert advice before determining the extent of the stress the crops are subjected to. The results prove that this novel use of the WWARIC demonstrated sufficient precision, swiftness, and intelligibility in the real-time detection of the mandarin water stress index and, accordingly, assisted in scheduling irrigation.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4018plant-based indicatorsreal timeinfrared thermometrycrop water stress indicatorWorkswell Wiris Agro R infrared camera |
| spellingShingle | Sadick Amoakohene Appiah Jiuhao Li Yubin Lan Ransford Opoku Darko Kelvin Edom Alordzinu Alaa Al Aasmi Evans Asenso Fuseini Issaka Ebenezer Acheampong Afful Hao Wang Songyang Qiao Real-Time Assessment of Mandarin Crop Water Stress Index Sensors plant-based indicators real time infrared thermometry crop water stress indicator Workswell Wiris Agro R infrared camera |
| title | Real-Time Assessment of Mandarin Crop Water Stress Index |
| title_full | Real-Time Assessment of Mandarin Crop Water Stress Index |
| title_fullStr | Real-Time Assessment of Mandarin Crop Water Stress Index |
| title_full_unstemmed | Real-Time Assessment of Mandarin Crop Water Stress Index |
| title_short | Real-Time Assessment of Mandarin Crop Water Stress Index |
| title_sort | real time assessment of mandarin crop water stress index |
| topic | plant-based indicators real time infrared thermometry crop water stress indicator Workswell Wiris Agro R infrared camera |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4018 |
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