ANTASID: A Novel Temporal Adjustment to Shannon’s Index of Difficulty for Quantifying the Perceived Difficulty of Uncontrolled Pointing Tasks
Shannon’s Index of Difficulty (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ID$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), reputable for quantifying the perceived difficulty of pointing tasks as a logarithmic relationship between <italic>movement-amplitude</...
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IEEE
2022-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9714337/ |
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| author | Mohammad Ridwan Kabir Mohammad Ishrak Abedin Rizvi Ahmed Hasan Mahmud Md. Kamrul Hasan |
| author_facet | Mohammad Ridwan Kabir Mohammad Ishrak Abedin Rizvi Ahmed Hasan Mahmud Md. Kamrul Hasan |
| author_sort | Mohammad Ridwan Kabir |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Shannon’s Index of Difficulty (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ID$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), reputable for quantifying the perceived difficulty of pointing tasks as a logarithmic relationship between <italic>movement-amplitude</italic> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$A$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and <italic>target-width</italic> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), is used for modeling the corresponding <italic>observed movement-times</italic> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$MT_{O}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) in such tasks in controlled experimental setup. However, real-life pointing tasks are both spatially and temporally uncontrolled, being influenced by factors, such as – human aspects, subjective behavior, the context of interaction, the inherent speed-accuracy trade-off, where, emphasizing accuracy compromises speed of interaction and vice versa. Effective target-width (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W_{e}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) is considered as spatial adjustment for compensating accuracy. However, no significant adjustment exists in the literature for compensating speed in different contexts of interaction in these tasks. As a result, without any temporal adjustment, the true difficulty of an uncontrolled pointing task may be inaccurately quantified using Shannon’s <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ID$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. To verify this, we propose ANTASID (A Novel Temporal Adjustment to Shannon’s ID) formulation with detailed performance analysis. We hypothesized a temporal adjustment factor (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) as a binary logarithm of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$MT_{O}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, compensating for speed due to contextual differences and minimizing the non-linearity between <italic>movement-amplitude</italic> and <italic>target-width</italic>. Considering spatial and/or temporal adjustments to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ID$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, we conducted regression analysis using our own and <italic>Benchmark</italic> datasets in both controlled and uncontrolled scenarios of pointing tasks with a generic mouse. ANTASID formulation showed significantly superior fitness values and throughput in all the scenarios while reducing the standard error. Furthermore, the quantification of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ID$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with ANTASID varied significantly compared to the classical formulations of Shannon’s <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ID$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, validating the purpose of this study. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T09:40:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-046cdbfdf38149b1968a2ca91a4f988d |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T09:40:37Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-046cdbfdf38149b1968a2ca91a4f988d2022-12-22T02:51:56ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362022-01-0110217742178610.1109/ACCESS.2022.31516969714337ANTASID: A Novel Temporal Adjustment to Shannon’s Index of Difficulty for Quantifying the Perceived Difficulty of Uncontrolled Pointing TasksMohammad Ridwan Kabir0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9631-1836Mohammad Ishrak Abedin1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7825-0339Rizvi Ahmed2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2089-5994Hasan Mahmud3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4375-6943Md. Kamrul Hasan4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1295-7945Systems and Software Laboratory (SSL), Islamic University of Technology (IUT), Gazipur, BangladeshDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University of Technology (IUT), Gazipur, BangladeshDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University of Technology (IUT), Gazipur, BangladeshSystems and Software Laboratory (SSL), Islamic University of Technology (IUT), Gazipur, BangladeshSystems and Software Laboratory (SSL), Islamic University of Technology (IUT), Gazipur, BangladeshShannon’s Index of Difficulty (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ID$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), reputable for quantifying the perceived difficulty of pointing tasks as a logarithmic relationship between <italic>movement-amplitude</italic> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$A$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and <italic>target-width</italic> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), is used for modeling the corresponding <italic>observed movement-times</italic> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$MT_{O}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) in such tasks in controlled experimental setup. However, real-life pointing tasks are both spatially and temporally uncontrolled, being influenced by factors, such as – human aspects, subjective behavior, the context of interaction, the inherent speed-accuracy trade-off, where, emphasizing accuracy compromises speed of interaction and vice versa. Effective target-width (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W_{e}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) is considered as spatial adjustment for compensating accuracy. However, no significant adjustment exists in the literature for compensating speed in different contexts of interaction in these tasks. As a result, without any temporal adjustment, the true difficulty of an uncontrolled pointing task may be inaccurately quantified using Shannon’s <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ID$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. To verify this, we propose ANTASID (A Novel Temporal Adjustment to Shannon’s ID) formulation with detailed performance analysis. We hypothesized a temporal adjustment factor (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) as a binary logarithm of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$MT_{O}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, compensating for speed due to contextual differences and minimizing the non-linearity between <italic>movement-amplitude</italic> and <italic>target-width</italic>. Considering spatial and/or temporal adjustments to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ID$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, we conducted regression analysis using our own and <italic>Benchmark</italic> datasets in both controlled and uncontrolled scenarios of pointing tasks with a generic mouse. ANTASID formulation showed significantly superior fitness values and throughput in all the scenarios while reducing the standard error. Furthermore, the quantification of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ID$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with ANTASID varied significantly compared to the classical formulations of Shannon’s <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ID$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, validating the purpose of this study.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9714337/Pointing tasksFitts’s lawindex of difficultyspeed-accuracy trade-offcontextual interactionuncontrolled experiment |
| spellingShingle | Mohammad Ridwan Kabir Mohammad Ishrak Abedin Rizvi Ahmed Hasan Mahmud Md. Kamrul Hasan ANTASID: A Novel Temporal Adjustment to Shannon’s Index of Difficulty for Quantifying the Perceived Difficulty of Uncontrolled Pointing Tasks IEEE Access Pointing tasks Fitts’s law index of difficulty speed-accuracy trade-off contextual interaction uncontrolled experiment |
| title | ANTASID: A Novel Temporal Adjustment to Shannon’s Index of Difficulty for Quantifying the Perceived Difficulty of Uncontrolled Pointing Tasks |
| title_full | ANTASID: A Novel Temporal Adjustment to Shannon’s Index of Difficulty for Quantifying the Perceived Difficulty of Uncontrolled Pointing Tasks |
| title_fullStr | ANTASID: A Novel Temporal Adjustment to Shannon’s Index of Difficulty for Quantifying the Perceived Difficulty of Uncontrolled Pointing Tasks |
| title_full_unstemmed | ANTASID: A Novel Temporal Adjustment to Shannon’s Index of Difficulty for Quantifying the Perceived Difficulty of Uncontrolled Pointing Tasks |
| title_short | ANTASID: A Novel Temporal Adjustment to Shannon’s Index of Difficulty for Quantifying the Perceived Difficulty of Uncontrolled Pointing Tasks |
| title_sort | antasid a novel temporal adjustment to shannon x2019 s index of difficulty for quantifying the perceived difficulty of uncontrolled pointing tasks |
| topic | Pointing tasks Fitts’s law index of difficulty speed-accuracy trade-off contextual interaction uncontrolled experiment |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9714337/ |
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