The Effect of Rare Earth Metals Alloying on the Internal Quality of Industrially Produced Heavy Steel Forgings
The paper presented the findings obtained by industrial research and experimental development on the use of rare earth metals (REMs) in the production of heavy steel ingots and their impact on the internal quality of the 42CrMo4 grade steel forging. REMs alloying was carried out after vacuuming the...
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/18/5160 |
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| author | Petr Jonšta Zdeněk Jonšta Silvie Brožová Manuela Ingaldi Jacek Pietraszek Dorota Klimecka-Tatar |
| author_facet | Petr Jonšta Zdeněk Jonšta Silvie Brožová Manuela Ingaldi Jacek Pietraszek Dorota Klimecka-Tatar |
| author_sort | Petr Jonšta |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The paper presented the findings obtained by industrial research and experimental development on the use of rare earth metals (REMs) in the production of heavy steel ingots and their impact on the internal quality of the 42CrMo4 grade steel forging. REMs alloying was carried out after vacuuming the steel. A relatively large melting loss of cerium (about 50%) and its further decrease in casting due to reoxidation were observed. Refinement of structure and better mechanical properties of forged bar containing about 0.02 wt.% of Ce compared to that of the standard production were not achieved. The wind power shaft with content of about 0.06 wt.% of Ce showed high amount of REM inclusions, which were locally chained, and in some cases, initiated cracks. Four stoichiometrically different types of REM inclusions were detected in forgings, namely (La-Ce)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S + (La-Ce)O<sub>2</sub> + SiO<sub>2</sub> (minority); oxygen, phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony bound to lanthanum and cerium probably bonded with iron oxides La + Ce, MgO, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> a SiO<sub>2</sub>; (La-Ce)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S, FeO, SiO<sub>2</sub>, and CaO or CaS. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:29:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-04717686bfb34cb7aecf5287c7cc3176 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:29:35Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-04717686bfb34cb7aecf5287c7cc31762023-11-22T13:59:46ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442021-09-011418516010.3390/ma14185160The Effect of Rare Earth Metals Alloying on the Internal Quality of Industrially Produced Heavy Steel ForgingsPetr Jonšta0Zdeněk Jonšta1Silvie Brožová2Manuela Ingaldi3Jacek Pietraszek4Dorota Klimecka-Tatar5Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech RepublicFaculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech RepublicFaculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech RepublicFaculty of Management, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, PolandFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, PolandFaculty of Management, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, PolandThe paper presented the findings obtained by industrial research and experimental development on the use of rare earth metals (REMs) in the production of heavy steel ingots and their impact on the internal quality of the 42CrMo4 grade steel forging. REMs alloying was carried out after vacuuming the steel. A relatively large melting loss of cerium (about 50%) and its further decrease in casting due to reoxidation were observed. Refinement of structure and better mechanical properties of forged bar containing about 0.02 wt.% of Ce compared to that of the standard production were not achieved. The wind power shaft with content of about 0.06 wt.% of Ce showed high amount of REM inclusions, which were locally chained, and in some cases, initiated cracks. Four stoichiometrically different types of REM inclusions were detected in forgings, namely (La-Ce)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S + (La-Ce)O<sub>2</sub> + SiO<sub>2</sub> (minority); oxygen, phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony bound to lanthanum and cerium probably bonded with iron oxides La + Ce, MgO, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> a SiO<sub>2</sub>; (La-Ce)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S, FeO, SiO<sub>2</sub>, and CaO or CaS.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/18/5160heavy forgingslow-alloyed structural steelsrare earth metals (REMs)nonmetallic inclusionsstructuremechanical properties |
| spellingShingle | Petr Jonšta Zdeněk Jonšta Silvie Brožová Manuela Ingaldi Jacek Pietraszek Dorota Klimecka-Tatar The Effect of Rare Earth Metals Alloying on the Internal Quality of Industrially Produced Heavy Steel Forgings Materials heavy forgings low-alloyed structural steels rare earth metals (REMs) nonmetallic inclusions structure mechanical properties |
| title | The Effect of Rare Earth Metals Alloying on the Internal Quality of Industrially Produced Heavy Steel Forgings |
| title_full | The Effect of Rare Earth Metals Alloying on the Internal Quality of Industrially Produced Heavy Steel Forgings |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Rare Earth Metals Alloying on the Internal Quality of Industrially Produced Heavy Steel Forgings |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Rare Earth Metals Alloying on the Internal Quality of Industrially Produced Heavy Steel Forgings |
| title_short | The Effect of Rare Earth Metals Alloying on the Internal Quality of Industrially Produced Heavy Steel Forgings |
| title_sort | effect of rare earth metals alloying on the internal quality of industrially produced heavy steel forgings |
| topic | heavy forgings low-alloyed structural steels rare earth metals (REMs) nonmetallic inclusions structure mechanical properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/18/5160 |
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