An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective
Biodiesel is a clean, renewable, liquid fuel that can be used in existing diesel engines without modification as pure or blend. Transesterification (the primary process for biodiesel generation) via heterogeneous catalysis using low-cost waste feedstocks for catalyst synthesis improves the economics...
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/13/3950 |
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| author | Hoora Mazaheri Hwai Chyuan Ong Zeynab Amini Haji Hassan Masjuki M. Mofijur Chia Hung Su Irfan Anjum Badruddin T.M. Yunus Khan |
| author_facet | Hoora Mazaheri Hwai Chyuan Ong Zeynab Amini Haji Hassan Masjuki M. Mofijur Chia Hung Su Irfan Anjum Badruddin T.M. Yunus Khan |
| author_sort | Hoora Mazaheri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biodiesel is a clean, renewable, liquid fuel that can be used in existing diesel engines without modification as pure or blend. Transesterification (the primary process for biodiesel generation) via heterogeneous catalysis using low-cost waste feedstocks for catalyst synthesis improves the economics of biodiesel production. Heterogeneous catalysts are preferred for the industrial generation of biodiesel due to their robustness and low costs due to the easy separation and relatively higher reusability. Calcium oxides found in abundance in nature, e.g., in seashells and eggshells, are promising candidates for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts. However, process improvements are required to design productive calcium oxide-based catalysts at an industrial scale. The current work presents an overview of the biodiesel production advancements using calcium oxide-based catalysts (e.g., pure, supported, and mixed with metal oxides). The review discusses different factors involved in the synthesis of calcium oxide-based catalysts, and the effect of reaction parameters on the biodiesel yield of calcium oxide-based catalysis are studied. Further, the common reactor designs used for the heterogeneous catalysis using calcium oxide-based catalysts are explained. Moreover, the catalytic activity mechanism, challenges and prospects of the application of calcium oxide-based catalysts in biodiesel generation are discussed. The study of calcium oxide-based catalyst should continue to be evaluated for the potential of their application in the commercial sector as they remain the pivotal goal of these studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:52:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-04755460029e4ec28260b09e2b2bba9f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:52:26Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-04755460029e4ec28260b09e2b2bba9f2023-11-22T02:37:44ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732021-07-011413395010.3390/en14133950An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and PerspectiveHoora Mazaheri0Hwai Chyuan Ong1Zeynab Amini2Haji Hassan Masjuki3M. Mofijur4Chia Hung Su5Irfan Anjum Badruddin6T.M. Yunus Khan7Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaCentre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, AustraliaCentre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, AustraliaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur 50728, MalaysiaCentre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, AustraliaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, TaiwanResearch Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi ArabiaMechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaBiodiesel is a clean, renewable, liquid fuel that can be used in existing diesel engines without modification as pure or blend. Transesterification (the primary process for biodiesel generation) via heterogeneous catalysis using low-cost waste feedstocks for catalyst synthesis improves the economics of biodiesel production. Heterogeneous catalysts are preferred for the industrial generation of biodiesel due to their robustness and low costs due to the easy separation and relatively higher reusability. Calcium oxides found in abundance in nature, e.g., in seashells and eggshells, are promising candidates for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts. However, process improvements are required to design productive calcium oxide-based catalysts at an industrial scale. The current work presents an overview of the biodiesel production advancements using calcium oxide-based catalysts (e.g., pure, supported, and mixed with metal oxides). The review discusses different factors involved in the synthesis of calcium oxide-based catalysts, and the effect of reaction parameters on the biodiesel yield of calcium oxide-based catalysis are studied. Further, the common reactor designs used for the heterogeneous catalysis using calcium oxide-based catalysts are explained. Moreover, the catalytic activity mechanism, challenges and prospects of the application of calcium oxide-based catalysts in biodiesel generation are discussed. The study of calcium oxide-based catalyst should continue to be evaluated for the potential of their application in the commercial sector as they remain the pivotal goal of these studies.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/13/3950biodiesel productionheterogeneous catalystalternative fuelrenewable energyalkaline metal oxides |
| spellingShingle | Hoora Mazaheri Hwai Chyuan Ong Zeynab Amini Haji Hassan Masjuki M. Mofijur Chia Hung Su Irfan Anjum Badruddin T.M. Yunus Khan An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective Energies biodiesel production heterogeneous catalyst alternative fuel renewable energy alkaline metal oxides |
| title | An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective |
| title_full | An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective |
| title_fullStr | An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective |
| title_short | An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective |
| title_sort | overview of biodiesel production via calcium oxide based catalysts current state and perspective |
| topic | biodiesel production heterogeneous catalyst alternative fuel renewable energy alkaline metal oxides |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/13/3950 |
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