Analysis of the 20-Year Variability of Ocean Wave Hazards in the Northwest Pacific
In the Northwest Pacific (NWP), where a unique monsoon climate exists and where both typhoons and extratropical storms occur frequently, hazardous waves pose a significant risk to maritime safety. To analyze the 20-year variability of hazardous waves in this region, this study utilized hourly reanal...
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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Series: | Remote Sensing |
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Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/11/2768 |
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author | Rui Li Kejian Wu Wenqing Zhang Xianghui Dong Lingyun Lv Shuo Li Jin Liu Alexander V. Babanin |
author_facet | Rui Li Kejian Wu Wenqing Zhang Xianghui Dong Lingyun Lv Shuo Li Jin Liu Alexander V. Babanin |
author_sort | Rui Li |
collection | DOAJ |
description | In the Northwest Pacific (NWP), where a unique monsoon climate exists and where both typhoons and extratropical storms occur frequently, hazardous waves pose a significant risk to maritime safety. To analyze the 20-year variability of hazardous waves in this region, this study utilized hourly reanalysis data from the ECMWF ERA5 dataset covering the period from 2001–2020, alongside the wave risk assessment method. The ERA5 data exhibits better consistency, in both the temporal and spatial dimensions, than satellite data. Although hazardous wind seas occur more frequently than hazardous swells, swells make hazardous waves travel further. Notably, the extreme wave height (EWH) shows an increasing trend in high- and low-latitude areas of the NWP. The change in meridional wind speeds is the primary reason for the change in the total wind speed in the NWP. Notably, the maximum annual increase rate of 0.013 m/year for EWH exists in the region of the Japanese Archipelago. This study elucidated the distributions of wave height intensity and wave risk levels, noting that the EWHs of the 50-year and 100-year return periods can reach 20.92 m and 23.07 m, respectively. |
first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:58:14Z |
format | Article |
id | doaj.art-0478dd07a616494b83564d26351e3242 |
institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 2072-4292 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:58:14Z |
publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
publisher | MDPI AG |
record_format | Article |
series | Remote Sensing |
spelling | doaj.art-0478dd07a616494b83564d26351e32422023-11-18T08:28:26ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-05-011511276810.3390/rs15112768Analysis of the 20-Year Variability of Ocean Wave Hazards in the Northwest PacificRui Li0Kejian Wu1Wenqing Zhang2Xianghui Dong3Lingyun Lv4Shuo Li5Jin Liu6Alexander V. Babanin7Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES), Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, ChinaFrontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES), Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, ChinaFrontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES), Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, ChinaCollege of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, ChinaCollege of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, ChinaDepartment of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, AustraliaDepartment of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, AustraliaDepartment of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, AustraliaIn the Northwest Pacific (NWP), where a unique monsoon climate exists and where both typhoons and extratropical storms occur frequently, hazardous waves pose a significant risk to maritime safety. To analyze the 20-year variability of hazardous waves in this region, this study utilized hourly reanalysis data from the ECMWF ERA5 dataset covering the period from 2001–2020, alongside the wave risk assessment method. The ERA5 data exhibits better consistency, in both the temporal and spatial dimensions, than satellite data. Although hazardous wind seas occur more frequently than hazardous swells, swells make hazardous waves travel further. Notably, the extreme wave height (EWH) shows an increasing trend in high- and low-latitude areas of the NWP. The change in meridional wind speeds is the primary reason for the change in the total wind speed in the NWP. Notably, the maximum annual increase rate of 0.013 m/year for EWH exists in the region of the Japanese Archipelago. This study elucidated the distributions of wave height intensity and wave risk levels, noting that the EWHs of the 50-year and 100-year return periods can reach 20.92 m and 23.07 m, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/11/2768wave hazardextreme wave heightJason-2 satellitelong-term return period values |
spellingShingle | Rui Li Kejian Wu Wenqing Zhang Xianghui Dong Lingyun Lv Shuo Li Jin Liu Alexander V. Babanin Analysis of the 20-Year Variability of Ocean Wave Hazards in the Northwest Pacific Remote Sensing wave hazard extreme wave height Jason-2 satellite long-term return period values |
title | Analysis of the 20-Year Variability of Ocean Wave Hazards in the Northwest Pacific |
title_full | Analysis of the 20-Year Variability of Ocean Wave Hazards in the Northwest Pacific |
title_fullStr | Analysis of the 20-Year Variability of Ocean Wave Hazards in the Northwest Pacific |
title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of the 20-Year Variability of Ocean Wave Hazards in the Northwest Pacific |
title_short | Analysis of the 20-Year Variability of Ocean Wave Hazards in the Northwest Pacific |
title_sort | analysis of the 20 year variability of ocean wave hazards in the northwest pacific |
topic | wave hazard extreme wave height Jason-2 satellite long-term return period values |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/11/2768 |
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