Differential Coloration, Pigment Biosynthesis-Related Gene Expression, and Accumulation According to Developmental Stage in the ‘Enbu’ Apple
Coloration, a major factor contributing to apple quality, attracts consumer attraction, thereby increasing the sale of fruits in the market. Among the fruit pigments, anthocyanins and carotenoids are the most important pigments that impart coloration to apples. Pigment accumulation, which is regulat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/10/1072 |
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| author | Van Giap Do Seonae Kim Youngsuk Lee Sangjin Yang Jeong-Hee Kim Nay Myo Win Young-Soon Kwon Juhyeon Park Jong-Taek Park |
| author_facet | Van Giap Do Seonae Kim Youngsuk Lee Sangjin Yang Jeong-Hee Kim Nay Myo Win Young-Soon Kwon Juhyeon Park Jong-Taek Park |
| author_sort | Van Giap Do |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Coloration, a major factor contributing to apple quality, attracts consumer attraction, thereby increasing the sale of fruits in the market. Among the fruit pigments, anthocyanins and carotenoids are the most important pigments that impart coloration to apples. Pigment accumulation, which is regulated by transcriptional factors in the anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways, varies according to genetics, transcription, and developmental stage. To understand the regulation of color development in apples, we evaluated the expression of the genes in the anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways and analyzed the accumulation of pigment, including anthocyanin and carotenoid in the skin and flesh of the red-fleshed apple ‘Enbu’ cultivar at different fruit development stages (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after full bloom, and ripe). Color development increased according to the developmental stage, with considerable variation in both the transcript levels and pigment concentrations observed in tissues, skin, and flesh. Moreover, we identified key transcription factors among the anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis genes that regulated pigment accumulation. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a strong correlation between the coloration patterns and the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes (<i>MdPAL</i>, <i>MdCHI</i>, and <i>MdF3H</i>) and carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes (<i>MdGGPPS</i>, <i>MdPSY</i>, <i>MdZDS</i>, <i>MdCRTISO</i>, <i>MdCRHβ</i>, and <i>MdZEP</i>). This study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying pigment biosynthesis for breeding high-quality red-fleshed apple varieties to cater to consumer attention and preference. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:12:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-04ac10824dba4f81b0fa597a3eea23bf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:12:23Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-04ac10824dba4f81b0fa597a3eea23bf2023-11-19T16:38:58ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242023-09-01910107210.3390/horticulturae9101072Differential Coloration, Pigment Biosynthesis-Related Gene Expression, and Accumulation According to Developmental Stage in the ‘Enbu’ AppleVan Giap Do0Seonae Kim1Youngsuk Lee2Sangjin Yang3Jeong-Hee Kim4Nay Myo Win5Young-Soon Kwon6Juhyeon Park7Jong-Taek Park8Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of KoreaApple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of KoreaApple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of KoreaApple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of KoreaApple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of KoreaApple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of KoreaApple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of KoreaApple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of KoreaApple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of KoreaColoration, a major factor contributing to apple quality, attracts consumer attraction, thereby increasing the sale of fruits in the market. Among the fruit pigments, anthocyanins and carotenoids are the most important pigments that impart coloration to apples. Pigment accumulation, which is regulated by transcriptional factors in the anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways, varies according to genetics, transcription, and developmental stage. To understand the regulation of color development in apples, we evaluated the expression of the genes in the anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways and analyzed the accumulation of pigment, including anthocyanin and carotenoid in the skin and flesh of the red-fleshed apple ‘Enbu’ cultivar at different fruit development stages (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after full bloom, and ripe). Color development increased according to the developmental stage, with considerable variation in both the transcript levels and pigment concentrations observed in tissues, skin, and flesh. Moreover, we identified key transcription factors among the anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis genes that regulated pigment accumulation. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a strong correlation between the coloration patterns and the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes (<i>MdPAL</i>, <i>MdCHI</i>, and <i>MdF3H</i>) and carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes (<i>MdGGPPS</i>, <i>MdPSY</i>, <i>MdZDS</i>, <i>MdCRTISO</i>, <i>MdCRHβ</i>, and <i>MdZEP</i>). This study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying pigment biosynthesis for breeding high-quality red-fleshed apple varieties to cater to consumer attention and preference.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/10/1072apple colorationfruit qualityred-fleshed applepigment accumulation |
| spellingShingle | Van Giap Do Seonae Kim Youngsuk Lee Sangjin Yang Jeong-Hee Kim Nay Myo Win Young-Soon Kwon Juhyeon Park Jong-Taek Park Differential Coloration, Pigment Biosynthesis-Related Gene Expression, and Accumulation According to Developmental Stage in the ‘Enbu’ Apple Horticulturae apple coloration fruit quality red-fleshed apple pigment accumulation |
| title | Differential Coloration, Pigment Biosynthesis-Related Gene Expression, and Accumulation According to Developmental Stage in the ‘Enbu’ Apple |
| title_full | Differential Coloration, Pigment Biosynthesis-Related Gene Expression, and Accumulation According to Developmental Stage in the ‘Enbu’ Apple |
| title_fullStr | Differential Coloration, Pigment Biosynthesis-Related Gene Expression, and Accumulation According to Developmental Stage in the ‘Enbu’ Apple |
| title_full_unstemmed | Differential Coloration, Pigment Biosynthesis-Related Gene Expression, and Accumulation According to Developmental Stage in the ‘Enbu’ Apple |
| title_short | Differential Coloration, Pigment Biosynthesis-Related Gene Expression, and Accumulation According to Developmental Stage in the ‘Enbu’ Apple |
| title_sort | differential coloration pigment biosynthesis related gene expression and accumulation according to developmental stage in the enbu apple |
| topic | apple coloration fruit quality red-fleshed apple pigment accumulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/10/1072 |
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