Cavitation Detection in a Tonpilz-Type Transducer for Active SONAR Transmission System
The active sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) transmission system emits acoustic pulses underwater using a wave generator, a SONAR power amplifier (SPA), and a projector. The acoustic pulse travel in the direction of the target and return as an echo to a hydrophone to learn the range or speed of t...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-06-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/7/1279 |
| _version_ | 1797588740680450048 |
|---|---|
| author | Ricardo Villalobos Héctor López Nimrod Vázquez Roberto V. Carrillo-Serrano Alejandro Espinosa-Calderón |
| author_facet | Ricardo Villalobos Héctor López Nimrod Vázquez Roberto V. Carrillo-Serrano Alejandro Espinosa-Calderón |
| author_sort | Ricardo Villalobos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The active sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) transmission system emits acoustic pulses underwater using a wave generator, a SONAR power amplifier (SPA), and a projector. The acoustic pulse travel in the direction of the target and return as an echo to a hydrophone to learn the range or speed of the object. Often the same device is used as a hydrophone and a projector; in this context, it is known as a transducer. In order to obtain a maximum range of detection in the SONAR, it is desirable to generate the maximum amount of acoustic power until the point in which the echo can be detectable in an atmosphere with non-wished noise. Therefore, a high value of source level (SL) is required that depends largely on the value of electrical power applied to the transducer (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). However, when trying to obtain the maximum range of detection in the SONAR system there are the following three peculiar limitations that affect performance: The cavitation, the reverberation, and the effect of interaction in the near field. In this paper, an experimental measurement methodology is presented to detect the cavitation effects in a tonpilz-type transducer for an active SONAR transmission system using a transducer as a projector and a calibrated hydrophone in a hydroacoustic tank by measuring the parameters of total harmonic distortion of the fundamental waveform (THD-F) of the generated acoustic pulse, transmitting voltage response (TVR) to characterize the system and sound pressure level (SPL) that indicates the intensity of sound at a given distance. Whereas the reverberation and the interaction effect in the near field are objects of other study cases. A 570.21 W and THD-F < <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> switched-mode power amplifier (SMPA) prototype was developed to excite the electroacoustic transducer employing a full-bridge inverter (FBI) topology and a digital controller using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for unipolar sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) to generate a continuous wave (CW) acoustic pulse at a frequency 11.6 kHz. The results obtained show that from the level of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>196.05</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> W with the transducer at 1 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> of depth, the value of THD-F increases significantly while the behavior of the TVR and SPL parameters is affected since it is not as expected and is attributed when cavitation occurs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:56:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-04d2e0c97bf24dd399d047fdba42e031 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:56:19Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-04d2e0c97bf24dd399d047fdba42e0312023-11-18T19:57:55ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122023-06-01117127910.3390/jmse11071279Cavitation Detection in a Tonpilz-Type Transducer for Active SONAR Transmission SystemRicardo Villalobos0Héctor López1Nimrod Vázquez2Roberto V. Carrillo-Serrano3Alejandro Espinosa-Calderón4Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, MexicoTecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, MexicoTecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, MexicoFaculty of Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Juriquilla 76010, Querétaro, MexicoTecnológico Nacional de México/Regional Center for Optimization and Development of Equipment, Celaya 38020, Guanajuato, MexicoThe active sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) transmission system emits acoustic pulses underwater using a wave generator, a SONAR power amplifier (SPA), and a projector. The acoustic pulse travel in the direction of the target and return as an echo to a hydrophone to learn the range or speed of the object. Often the same device is used as a hydrophone and a projector; in this context, it is known as a transducer. In order to obtain a maximum range of detection in the SONAR, it is desirable to generate the maximum amount of acoustic power until the point in which the echo can be detectable in an atmosphere with non-wished noise. Therefore, a high value of source level (SL) is required that depends largely on the value of electrical power applied to the transducer (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). However, when trying to obtain the maximum range of detection in the SONAR system there are the following three peculiar limitations that affect performance: The cavitation, the reverberation, and the effect of interaction in the near field. In this paper, an experimental measurement methodology is presented to detect the cavitation effects in a tonpilz-type transducer for an active SONAR transmission system using a transducer as a projector and a calibrated hydrophone in a hydroacoustic tank by measuring the parameters of total harmonic distortion of the fundamental waveform (THD-F) of the generated acoustic pulse, transmitting voltage response (TVR) to characterize the system and sound pressure level (SPL) that indicates the intensity of sound at a given distance. Whereas the reverberation and the interaction effect in the near field are objects of other study cases. A 570.21 W and THD-F < <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> switched-mode power amplifier (SMPA) prototype was developed to excite the electroacoustic transducer employing a full-bridge inverter (FBI) topology and a digital controller using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for unipolar sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) to generate a continuous wave (CW) acoustic pulse at a frequency 11.6 kHz. The results obtained show that from the level of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>196.05</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> W with the transducer at 1 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> of depth, the value of THD-F increases significantly while the behavior of the TVR and SPL parameters is affected since it is not as expected and is attributed when cavitation occurs.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/7/1279cavitationhydroacoustic tankTVRSPLtonpilz transduceractive sonar |
| spellingShingle | Ricardo Villalobos Héctor López Nimrod Vázquez Roberto V. Carrillo-Serrano Alejandro Espinosa-Calderón Cavitation Detection in a Tonpilz-Type Transducer for Active SONAR Transmission System Journal of Marine Science and Engineering cavitation hydroacoustic tank TVR SPL tonpilz transducer active sonar |
| title | Cavitation Detection in a Tonpilz-Type Transducer for Active SONAR Transmission System |
| title_full | Cavitation Detection in a Tonpilz-Type Transducer for Active SONAR Transmission System |
| title_fullStr | Cavitation Detection in a Tonpilz-Type Transducer for Active SONAR Transmission System |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cavitation Detection in a Tonpilz-Type Transducer for Active SONAR Transmission System |
| title_short | Cavitation Detection in a Tonpilz-Type Transducer for Active SONAR Transmission System |
| title_sort | cavitation detection in a tonpilz type transducer for active sonar transmission system |
| topic | cavitation hydroacoustic tank TVR SPL tonpilz transducer active sonar |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/7/1279 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ricardovillalobos cavitationdetectioninatonpilztypetransducerforactivesonartransmissionsystem AT hectorlopez cavitationdetectioninatonpilztypetransducerforactivesonartransmissionsystem AT nimrodvazquez cavitationdetectioninatonpilztypetransducerforactivesonartransmissionsystem AT robertovcarrilloserrano cavitationdetectioninatonpilztypetransducerforactivesonartransmissionsystem AT alejandroespinosacalderon cavitationdetectioninatonpilztypetransducerforactivesonartransmissionsystem |