Background Music and Cognitive Task Performance: A Systematic Review of Task, Music, and Population Impact
Research on the effect of background music (BgM) on cognitive task performance is marked by inconsistent methods and inconclusive findings. In order to provide clarity to this area, we performed a systematic review on the impact of BgM on performances in a variety of tasks whilst considering the con...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SAGE Publishing
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Music & Science |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1177/20592043221134392 |
| _version_ | 1811213530515374080 |
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| author | Yiting Cheah Hoo Keat Wong Michael Spitzer Eduardo Coutinho |
| author_facet | Yiting Cheah Hoo Keat Wong Michael Spitzer Eduardo Coutinho |
| author_sort | Yiting Cheah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Research on the effect of background music (BgM) on cognitive task performance is marked by inconsistent methods and inconclusive findings. In order to provide clarity to this area, we performed a systematic review on the impact of BgM on performances in a variety of tasks whilst considering the contributions of various task, music, and population characteristics. Following the PRISMA and SWiM protocols, we identified 95 articles (154 experiments) that comprise cognitive tasks across six different cognitive domains—memory; language; thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving; inhibition; attention and processing speed. Extracted data were synthesized using vote counting based (solely) on the direction of effects and analyzed using a sign test analysis. Overall, our results demonstrate a general detrimental effect of BgM on memory and language-related tasks, and a tendency for BgM with lyrics to be more detrimental than instrumental BgM. Only one positive effect (of instrumental BgM) was found; and in most cases, we did not find any effect of BgM on task performance. We also identified a general detrimental impact of BgM towards difficult (but not easy) tasks; and towards introverts (but not extraverts). Taken together, our results show that task, music, and population-specific analyses are all necessary when studying the effects of BgM on cognitive task performance. They also call attention to the necessity to control for task difficulty as well as individual differences (especially level of extraversion) in empirical studies. Finally, our results also demonstrate that many areas remain understudied and therefore a lot more work still needs to be done to gain a comprehensive understanding of how BgM impacts cognitive task performance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T05:47:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-04dcc816d1224d6dbca1468986fe3299 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2059-2043 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T05:47:01Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | SAGE Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Music & Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-04dcc816d1224d6dbca1468986fe32992022-12-22T03:45:24ZengSAGE PublishingMusic & Science2059-20432022-11-01510.1177/20592043221134392Background Music and Cognitive Task Performance: A Systematic Review of Task, Music, and Population ImpactYiting Cheah0Hoo Keat Wong1Michael Spitzer2Eduardo Coutinho3 Department of Music, , Liverpool, UK School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, Malaysia Department of Music, , Liverpool, UK Department of Music, , Liverpool, UKResearch on the effect of background music (BgM) on cognitive task performance is marked by inconsistent methods and inconclusive findings. In order to provide clarity to this area, we performed a systematic review on the impact of BgM on performances in a variety of tasks whilst considering the contributions of various task, music, and population characteristics. Following the PRISMA and SWiM protocols, we identified 95 articles (154 experiments) that comprise cognitive tasks across six different cognitive domains—memory; language; thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving; inhibition; attention and processing speed. Extracted data were synthesized using vote counting based (solely) on the direction of effects and analyzed using a sign test analysis. Overall, our results demonstrate a general detrimental effect of BgM on memory and language-related tasks, and a tendency for BgM with lyrics to be more detrimental than instrumental BgM. Only one positive effect (of instrumental BgM) was found; and in most cases, we did not find any effect of BgM on task performance. We also identified a general detrimental impact of BgM towards difficult (but not easy) tasks; and towards introverts (but not extraverts). Taken together, our results show that task, music, and population-specific analyses are all necessary when studying the effects of BgM on cognitive task performance. They also call attention to the necessity to control for task difficulty as well as individual differences (especially level of extraversion) in empirical studies. Finally, our results also demonstrate that many areas remain understudied and therefore a lot more work still needs to be done to gain a comprehensive understanding of how BgM impacts cognitive task performance.https://doi.org/10.1177/20592043221134392 |
| spellingShingle | Yiting Cheah Hoo Keat Wong Michael Spitzer Eduardo Coutinho Background Music and Cognitive Task Performance: A Systematic Review of Task, Music, and Population Impact Music & Science |
| title | Background Music and Cognitive Task Performance: A Systematic Review
of Task, Music, and Population Impact |
| title_full | Background Music and Cognitive Task Performance: A Systematic Review
of Task, Music, and Population Impact |
| title_fullStr | Background Music and Cognitive Task Performance: A Systematic Review
of Task, Music, and Population Impact |
| title_full_unstemmed | Background Music and Cognitive Task Performance: A Systematic Review
of Task, Music, and Population Impact |
| title_short | Background Music and Cognitive Task Performance: A Systematic Review
of Task, Music, and Population Impact |
| title_sort | background music and cognitive task performance a systematic review of task music and population impact |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1177/20592043221134392 |
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