Monoamine Neurotransmitters Control Basic Emotions and Affect Major Depressive Disorders
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and complex mental disorder, that adversely impacts an individual’s quality of life, but its diagnosis and treatment are not accurately executed and a symptom-based approach is utilized in most cases, due to the lack of precise knowledge regarding the path...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-09-01
|
| Series: | Pharmaceuticals |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/10/1203 |
| _version_ | 1797470425709543424 |
|---|---|
| author | Yao Jiang Di Zou Yumeng Li Simeng Gu Jie Dong Xianjun Ma Shijun Xu Fushun Wang Jason H. Huang |
| author_facet | Yao Jiang Di Zou Yumeng Li Simeng Gu Jie Dong Xianjun Ma Shijun Xu Fushun Wang Jason H. Huang |
| author_sort | Yao Jiang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and complex mental disorder, that adversely impacts an individual’s quality of life, but its diagnosis and treatment are not accurately executed and a symptom-based approach is utilized in most cases, due to the lack of precise knowledge regarding the pathophysiology. So far, the first-line treatments are still based on monoamine neurotransmitters. Even though there is a lot of progress in this field, the mechanisms seem to get more and more confusing, and the treatment is also getting more and more controversial. In this study, we try to review the broad advances of monoamine neurotransmitters in the field of MDD, and update its effects in many advanced neuroscience studies. We still propose the monoamine hypothesis but paid special attention to their effects on the new pathways for MDD, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, neurotrophins, and neurogenesis, especially in the glial cells, which have recently been found to play an important role in many neurodegenerative disorders, including MDD. In addition, we will extend the monoamine hypothesis to basic emotions; as suggested in our previous reports, the three monoamine neurotransmitters play different roles in emotions: dopamine—joy, norepinephrine—fear (anger), serotonins—disgust (sadness). Above all, this paper tries to give a full picture of the relationship between the MDD and the monoamine neurotransmitters such as DA, NE, and 5-HT, as well as their contributions to the Three Primary Color Model of Basic Emotions (joy, fear, and disgust). This is done by explaining the contribution of the monoamine from many sides for MDD, such the digestive tract, astrocytes, microglial, and others, and very briefly addressing the potential of monoamine neurotransmitters as a therapeutic approach for MDD patients and also the reasons for its limited clinical efficacy, side effects, and delayed onset of action. We hope this review might offer new pharmacological management of MDD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:36:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-04efc1a3aead426fb225228ac43ddbbe |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:36:10Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj.art-04efc1a3aead426fb225228ac43ddbbe2023-11-24T01:50:58ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472022-09-011510120310.3390/ph15101203Monoamine Neurotransmitters Control Basic Emotions and Affect Major Depressive DisordersYao Jiang0Di Zou1Yumeng Li2Simeng Gu3Jie Dong4Xianjun Ma5Shijun Xu6Fushun Wang7Jason H. Huang8Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, ChinaInstitute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, ChinaDepartment of Psychology, Medical School, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210023, ChinaDepartment of Psychology, Medical School, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210023, ChinaInstitute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 222000, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 616000, ChinaInstitute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 79409, USAMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and complex mental disorder, that adversely impacts an individual’s quality of life, but its diagnosis and treatment are not accurately executed and a symptom-based approach is utilized in most cases, due to the lack of precise knowledge regarding the pathophysiology. So far, the first-line treatments are still based on monoamine neurotransmitters. Even though there is a lot of progress in this field, the mechanisms seem to get more and more confusing, and the treatment is also getting more and more controversial. In this study, we try to review the broad advances of monoamine neurotransmitters in the field of MDD, and update its effects in many advanced neuroscience studies. We still propose the monoamine hypothesis but paid special attention to their effects on the new pathways for MDD, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, neurotrophins, and neurogenesis, especially in the glial cells, which have recently been found to play an important role in many neurodegenerative disorders, including MDD. In addition, we will extend the monoamine hypothesis to basic emotions; as suggested in our previous reports, the three monoamine neurotransmitters play different roles in emotions: dopamine—joy, norepinephrine—fear (anger), serotonins—disgust (sadness). Above all, this paper tries to give a full picture of the relationship between the MDD and the monoamine neurotransmitters such as DA, NE, and 5-HT, as well as their contributions to the Three Primary Color Model of Basic Emotions (joy, fear, and disgust). This is done by explaining the contribution of the monoamine from many sides for MDD, such the digestive tract, astrocytes, microglial, and others, and very briefly addressing the potential of monoamine neurotransmitters as a therapeutic approach for MDD patients and also the reasons for its limited clinical efficacy, side effects, and delayed onset of action. We hope this review might offer new pharmacological management of MDD.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/10/1203astrocytesemotional arousalbasic emotionsthree primary colormonoaminemajor depressive disorders |
| spellingShingle | Yao Jiang Di Zou Yumeng Li Simeng Gu Jie Dong Xianjun Ma Shijun Xu Fushun Wang Jason H. Huang Monoamine Neurotransmitters Control Basic Emotions and Affect Major Depressive Disorders Pharmaceuticals astrocytes emotional arousal basic emotions three primary color monoamine major depressive disorders |
| title | Monoamine Neurotransmitters Control Basic Emotions and Affect Major Depressive Disorders |
| title_full | Monoamine Neurotransmitters Control Basic Emotions and Affect Major Depressive Disorders |
| title_fullStr | Monoamine Neurotransmitters Control Basic Emotions and Affect Major Depressive Disorders |
| title_full_unstemmed | Monoamine Neurotransmitters Control Basic Emotions and Affect Major Depressive Disorders |
| title_short | Monoamine Neurotransmitters Control Basic Emotions and Affect Major Depressive Disorders |
| title_sort | monoamine neurotransmitters control basic emotions and affect major depressive disorders |
| topic | astrocytes emotional arousal basic emotions three primary color monoamine major depressive disorders |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/10/1203 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yaojiang monoamineneurotransmitterscontrolbasicemotionsandaffectmajordepressivedisorders AT dizou monoamineneurotransmitterscontrolbasicemotionsandaffectmajordepressivedisorders AT yumengli monoamineneurotransmitterscontrolbasicemotionsandaffectmajordepressivedisorders AT simenggu monoamineneurotransmitterscontrolbasicemotionsandaffectmajordepressivedisorders AT jiedong monoamineneurotransmitterscontrolbasicemotionsandaffectmajordepressivedisorders AT xianjunma monoamineneurotransmitterscontrolbasicemotionsandaffectmajordepressivedisorders AT shijunxu monoamineneurotransmitterscontrolbasicemotionsandaffectmajordepressivedisorders AT fushunwang monoamineneurotransmitterscontrolbasicemotionsandaffectmajordepressivedisorders AT jasonhhuang monoamineneurotransmitterscontrolbasicemotionsandaffectmajordepressivedisorders |