The Second Derivative of Fullerene C<sub>60</sub> (SD-C<sub>60</sub>) and Biomolecular Machinery of Hydrogen Bonds: Water-Based Nanomedicine
The human body contains 60–70% water, depending on age. As a body fluid, it is not only a medium in which physical and chemical processes take place, but it is also one of the active mediators. Water is the richest substance with non-covalent hydrogen bonds. Water molecules, by themselves (in vacuum...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Micromachines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/12/2152 |
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| author | Lidija R. Matija Ivana Mladen Stankovic Milica Puric Milica Miličić Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić Sanja Mijatovic Tamara Krajnović Vuk Gordic Djuro Lj. Koruga |
| author_facet | Lidija R. Matija Ivana Mladen Stankovic Milica Puric Milica Miličić Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić Sanja Mijatovic Tamara Krajnović Vuk Gordic Djuro Lj. Koruga |
| author_sort | Lidija R. Matija |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The human body contains 60–70% water, depending on age. As a body fluid, it is not only a medium in which physical and chemical processes take place, but it is also one of the active mediators. Water is the richest substance with non-covalent hydrogen bonds. Water molecules, by themselves (in vacuum), are diamagnetic but when organized into clusters, they become diamagnetic or paramagnetic. Also, biomolecules (DNA, collagen, clathrin, and other proteins) have non-covalent hydrogen bonds in their structure. The interaction, as well as signal transmission, between water and biomolecules is achieved through the vibrations of covalent and non-covalent hydrogen bonds, which determine the state and dynamics of conformational changes in biomolecules. Disruptive conformational changes in biomolecules, cells, and tissues lead to their dysfunctionality, so they are a frequent cause of many disorders and diseases. For example, the rearrangement of hydrogen bonding due to mitochondrial disease mutation in cytochrome bc1 disturbs heme bH redox potential and spin state. In order to prevent and repair the dysfunctional conformational changes, a liquid substance was developed based on the second derivative of the C<sub>60</sub> molecule (SD-C<sub>60</sub>), which has classical and quantum properties. The characterization of SD-C<sub>60</sub> by UV-VIS-NIR, FTIR, TEM, and AFM/MFM was performed and it is shown that SD-C<sub>60</sub> water layers generate vibrations with near-zero phase dispersion which are transmitted through Fibonacci’s water chains to biomolecules. In comparison with previously published SD-C<sub>60</sub> derivate (3HFWC, size until 10 nm, and 1–5 water layers), the improved formulation (3HFWC-W, size 10–25 nm, and 6–9 water layers) showed multiplied cytotoxic activity against melanoma cell lines of different aggressiveness. Apart from this, the mode of action was preserved and based on an induction of senescence rather than cell death. Importantly, high selectivity towards malignant phenotypes was detected. Observed effects can be ascribed to a machinery of hydrogen bonds, which are generated in SD-C<sub>60</sub> and transmitted through water to biomolecules. This approach may open a new field in science and healthcare—a “water-based nanomedicine”. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:31:32Z |
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| id | doaj.art-04ff087e1c8e48ff9d401c961b6a6faf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-666X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:31:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| series | Micromachines |
| spelling | doaj.art-04ff087e1c8e48ff9d401c961b6a6faf2023-12-22T14:25:14ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2023-11-011412215210.3390/mi14122152The Second Derivative of Fullerene C<sub>60</sub> (SD-C<sub>60</sub>) and Biomolecular Machinery of Hydrogen Bonds: Water-Based NanomedicineLidija R. Matija0Ivana Mladen Stankovic1Milica Puric2Milica Miličić3Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić4Sanja Mijatovic5Tamara Krajnović6Vuk Gordic7Djuro Lj. Koruga8Nano Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11220 Belgrade, SerbiaNano Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11220 Belgrade, SerbiaNano Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11220 Belgrade, SerbiaNano Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11220 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaNano Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11220 Belgrade, SerbiaThe human body contains 60–70% water, depending on age. As a body fluid, it is not only a medium in which physical and chemical processes take place, but it is also one of the active mediators. Water is the richest substance with non-covalent hydrogen bonds. Water molecules, by themselves (in vacuum), are diamagnetic but when organized into clusters, they become diamagnetic or paramagnetic. Also, biomolecules (DNA, collagen, clathrin, and other proteins) have non-covalent hydrogen bonds in their structure. The interaction, as well as signal transmission, between water and biomolecules is achieved through the vibrations of covalent and non-covalent hydrogen bonds, which determine the state and dynamics of conformational changes in biomolecules. Disruptive conformational changes in biomolecules, cells, and tissues lead to their dysfunctionality, so they are a frequent cause of many disorders and diseases. For example, the rearrangement of hydrogen bonding due to mitochondrial disease mutation in cytochrome bc1 disturbs heme bH redox potential and spin state. In order to prevent and repair the dysfunctional conformational changes, a liquid substance was developed based on the second derivative of the C<sub>60</sub> molecule (SD-C<sub>60</sub>), which has classical and quantum properties. The characterization of SD-C<sub>60</sub> by UV-VIS-NIR, FTIR, TEM, and AFM/MFM was performed and it is shown that SD-C<sub>60</sub> water layers generate vibrations with near-zero phase dispersion which are transmitted through Fibonacci’s water chains to biomolecules. In comparison with previously published SD-C<sub>60</sub> derivate (3HFWC, size until 10 nm, and 1–5 water layers), the improved formulation (3HFWC-W, size 10–25 nm, and 6–9 water layers) showed multiplied cytotoxic activity against melanoma cell lines of different aggressiveness. Apart from this, the mode of action was preserved and based on an induction of senescence rather than cell death. Importantly, high selectivity towards malignant phenotypes was detected. Observed effects can be ascribed to a machinery of hydrogen bonds, which are generated in SD-C<sub>60</sub> and transmitted through water to biomolecules. This approach may open a new field in science and healthcare—a “water-based nanomedicine”.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/12/2152waterfullerene C<sub>60</sub>icosahedral soft-matterhydrogen bondsFibonacci water chainsnano/micro molecular machinery |
| spellingShingle | Lidija R. Matija Ivana Mladen Stankovic Milica Puric Milica Miličić Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić Sanja Mijatovic Tamara Krajnović Vuk Gordic Djuro Lj. Koruga The Second Derivative of Fullerene C<sub>60</sub> (SD-C<sub>60</sub>) and Biomolecular Machinery of Hydrogen Bonds: Water-Based Nanomedicine Micromachines water fullerene C<sub>60</sub> icosahedral soft-matter hydrogen bonds Fibonacci water chains nano/micro molecular machinery |
| title | The Second Derivative of Fullerene C<sub>60</sub> (SD-C<sub>60</sub>) and Biomolecular Machinery of Hydrogen Bonds: Water-Based Nanomedicine |
| title_full | The Second Derivative of Fullerene C<sub>60</sub> (SD-C<sub>60</sub>) and Biomolecular Machinery of Hydrogen Bonds: Water-Based Nanomedicine |
| title_fullStr | The Second Derivative of Fullerene C<sub>60</sub> (SD-C<sub>60</sub>) and Biomolecular Machinery of Hydrogen Bonds: Water-Based Nanomedicine |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Second Derivative of Fullerene C<sub>60</sub> (SD-C<sub>60</sub>) and Biomolecular Machinery of Hydrogen Bonds: Water-Based Nanomedicine |
| title_short | The Second Derivative of Fullerene C<sub>60</sub> (SD-C<sub>60</sub>) and Biomolecular Machinery of Hydrogen Bonds: Water-Based Nanomedicine |
| title_sort | second derivative of fullerene c sub 60 sub sd c sub 60 sub and biomolecular machinery of hydrogen bonds water based nanomedicine |
| topic | water fullerene C<sub>60</sub> icosahedral soft-matter hydrogen bonds Fibonacci water chains nano/micro molecular machinery |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/12/2152 |
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