Optimal Powertrain Sizing of Series Hybrid Coach Running on Diesel and HVO for Lifetime Carbon Footprint and Total Cost Minimisation
This article aims to calculate, analyse and compare the optimal powertrain sizing solutions for a long-haul plug-in series hybrid coach running on diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) using a co-design optimisation approach for: (1) lowering lifetime carbon footprint; (2) minimising the total...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/19/6974 |
| _version_ | 1797479629807681536 |
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| author | Shantanu Pardhi Mohamed El Baghdadi Oswin Hulsebos Omar Hegazy |
| author_facet | Shantanu Pardhi Mohamed El Baghdadi Oswin Hulsebos Omar Hegazy |
| author_sort | Shantanu Pardhi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This article aims to calculate, analyse and compare the optimal powertrain sizing solutions for a long-haul plug-in series hybrid coach running on diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) using a co-design optimisation approach for: (1) lowering lifetime carbon footprint; (2) minimising the total cost of ownership (TCO); (3) finding the right sizing compromise between environmental impact and economic feasibility for the two fuel cases. The current vehicle use case derived from the EU H2020 LONGRUN project features electrical auxiliary loads and a 100 km zero urban emission range requiring a considerable battery size, which makes its low carbon footprint and cost-effective sizing a crucial challenge. Changing the objective between environmental impact and overall cost minimisation or switching the energy source from diesel to renewable HVO could also significantly affect the optimal powertrain dimensions. The approach uses particle swarm optimisation in the outer sizing loop while energy management is implemented using an adaptive equivalent consumption minimisation strategy (A-ECMS). Usage of HVO fuel over diesel offered an approximately 62% reduction in lifetime carbon footprint for around a 12.5% increase in overall costs across all sizing solutions. For such an unconventional powertrain topology, the fuel economy-focused solution neither achieved the lowest carbon footprint nor overall costs. In comparison, <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>−</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>cost balanced sizing resulted in reductions close to the single objective-focused solutions (5.7% against 5.9% for the <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> solution, 7.7% against 7.9% for the TCO solution on HVO) with lowered compromise on other side targets (<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> reduction of 5.7% against 4.9% found in the TCO-focused solution, TCO lowering of 7.7% against 4.4% found in the <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-focused solution). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:48:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-052863ecfd7b43bb84d548fb40acf3b6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:48:33Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-052863ecfd7b43bb84d548fb40acf3b62023-11-23T20:11:04ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732022-09-011519697410.3390/en15196974Optimal Powertrain Sizing of Series Hybrid Coach Running on Diesel and HVO for Lifetime Carbon Footprint and Total Cost MinimisationShantanu Pardhi0Mohamed El Baghdadi1Oswin Hulsebos2Omar Hegazy3MOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, BelgiumMOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, BelgiumVDL Enabling Transport Solutions BV, De Vest 11, 5555 XL Valkenswaard, The NetherlandsMOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, BelgiumThis article aims to calculate, analyse and compare the optimal powertrain sizing solutions for a long-haul plug-in series hybrid coach running on diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) using a co-design optimisation approach for: (1) lowering lifetime carbon footprint; (2) minimising the total cost of ownership (TCO); (3) finding the right sizing compromise between environmental impact and economic feasibility for the two fuel cases. The current vehicle use case derived from the EU H2020 LONGRUN project features electrical auxiliary loads and a 100 km zero urban emission range requiring a considerable battery size, which makes its low carbon footprint and cost-effective sizing a crucial challenge. Changing the objective between environmental impact and overall cost minimisation or switching the energy source from diesel to renewable HVO could also significantly affect the optimal powertrain dimensions. The approach uses particle swarm optimisation in the outer sizing loop while energy management is implemented using an adaptive equivalent consumption minimisation strategy (A-ECMS). Usage of HVO fuel over diesel offered an approximately 62% reduction in lifetime carbon footprint for around a 12.5% increase in overall costs across all sizing solutions. For such an unconventional powertrain topology, the fuel economy-focused solution neither achieved the lowest carbon footprint nor overall costs. In comparison, <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>−</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>cost balanced sizing resulted in reductions close to the single objective-focused solutions (5.7% against 5.9% for the <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> solution, 7.7% against 7.9% for the TCO solution on HVO) with lowered compromise on other side targets (<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> reduction of 5.7% against 4.9% found in the TCO-focused solution, TCO lowering of 7.7% against 4.4% found in the <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-focused solution).https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/19/6974optimal powertrain sizingco-design optimisationlong-haul coachplug-in hybrid electric vehicleseries hybridHVO |
| spellingShingle | Shantanu Pardhi Mohamed El Baghdadi Oswin Hulsebos Omar Hegazy Optimal Powertrain Sizing of Series Hybrid Coach Running on Diesel and HVO for Lifetime Carbon Footprint and Total Cost Minimisation Energies optimal powertrain sizing co-design optimisation long-haul coach plug-in hybrid electric vehicle series hybrid HVO |
| title | Optimal Powertrain Sizing of Series Hybrid Coach Running on Diesel and HVO for Lifetime Carbon Footprint and Total Cost Minimisation |
| title_full | Optimal Powertrain Sizing of Series Hybrid Coach Running on Diesel and HVO for Lifetime Carbon Footprint and Total Cost Minimisation |
| title_fullStr | Optimal Powertrain Sizing of Series Hybrid Coach Running on Diesel and HVO for Lifetime Carbon Footprint and Total Cost Minimisation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimal Powertrain Sizing of Series Hybrid Coach Running on Diesel and HVO for Lifetime Carbon Footprint and Total Cost Minimisation |
| title_short | Optimal Powertrain Sizing of Series Hybrid Coach Running on Diesel and HVO for Lifetime Carbon Footprint and Total Cost Minimisation |
| title_sort | optimal powertrain sizing of series hybrid coach running on diesel and hvo for lifetime carbon footprint and total cost minimisation |
| topic | optimal powertrain sizing co-design optimisation long-haul coach plug-in hybrid electric vehicle series hybrid HVO |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/19/6974 |
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