Mellein: Production in culture by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and its role in pathology
Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp) is a fungal pathogen proposed to enter host roots by releasing toxins that induce local necrosis in roots allowing entry of hyphae. Mp is reported to produce several potent phytotoxins, including (-)-botryodiplodin and phaseolinone, but isolates that do not produce these...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1105590/full |
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| author | Vivek H. Khambhati Vivek H. Khambhati Hamed K. Abbas Michael Sulyok Maria Tomaso-Peterson Jian Chen Wayne Thomas Shier |
| author_facet | Vivek H. Khambhati Vivek H. Khambhati Hamed K. Abbas Michael Sulyok Maria Tomaso-Peterson Jian Chen Wayne Thomas Shier |
| author_sort | Vivek H. Khambhati |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp) is a fungal pathogen proposed to enter host roots by releasing toxins that induce local necrosis in roots allowing entry of hyphae. Mp is reported to produce several potent phytotoxins, including (-)-botryodiplodin and phaseolinone, but isolates that do not produce these phytotoxins retain virulence. One hypothesis explaining these observations is that some Mp isolates may produce other unidentified phytotoxin(s) responsible for virulence. A previous study of Mp isolates from soybean found 14 previously unreported secondary metabolites using LC-MS/MS, including mellein, which has various reported biological activities. This study was conducted to investigate the frequency and amounts of mellein produced in culture by Mp isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and to investigate the role of mellein in any observed phytotoxicity. LC-MS/MS analysis of cell-free culture filtrates (CCFs) from 89 Mp isolates revealed that 28.1% produced mellein (49–2,203 µg/L). In soybean seedlings in hydroponic culture, Mp CCFs diluted to 25% (vol/vol) in hydroponic growth medium induced phytotoxic symptoms with frequencies of 73% chlorosis, 78% necrosis, 7% wilting, and 16% death, and at 50% (vol/vol) induced phytotoxicity with frequencies of 61% chlorosis, 82% necrosis, 9% wilting, and 26% death. Commercially-available mellein (40–100 µg/mL) in hydroponic culture medium induced wilting. However, mellein concentrations in CCFs exhibited only weak, negative, insignificant correlations with phytotoxicity measures in soybean seedlings, suggesting that mellein does not contribute substantially to observed phytotoxic effects. Further investigation is needed to determine if mellein plays any role in root infection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T16:42:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-053dad770f244cc9b1b7bf423ca37ecb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T16:42:51Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-053dad770f244cc9b1b7bf423ca37ecb2023-02-08T05:30:33ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2023-02-011410.3389/fpls.2023.11055901105590Mellein: Production in culture by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and its role in pathologyVivek H. Khambhati0Vivek H. Khambhati1Hamed K. Abbas2Michael Sulyok3Maria Tomaso-Peterson4Jian Chen5Wayne Thomas Shier6Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United StatesBiological Control of Pests Research Unit, Biological Control, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, United StatesBiological Control of Pests Research Unit, Biological Control, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, United StatesDepartment of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, AustriaDepartment of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United StatesBiological Control of Pests Research Unit, Biological Control, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, United StatesDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United StatesMacrophomina phaseolina (Mp) is a fungal pathogen proposed to enter host roots by releasing toxins that induce local necrosis in roots allowing entry of hyphae. Mp is reported to produce several potent phytotoxins, including (-)-botryodiplodin and phaseolinone, but isolates that do not produce these phytotoxins retain virulence. One hypothesis explaining these observations is that some Mp isolates may produce other unidentified phytotoxin(s) responsible for virulence. A previous study of Mp isolates from soybean found 14 previously unreported secondary metabolites using LC-MS/MS, including mellein, which has various reported biological activities. This study was conducted to investigate the frequency and amounts of mellein produced in culture by Mp isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and to investigate the role of mellein in any observed phytotoxicity. LC-MS/MS analysis of cell-free culture filtrates (CCFs) from 89 Mp isolates revealed that 28.1% produced mellein (49–2,203 µg/L). In soybean seedlings in hydroponic culture, Mp CCFs diluted to 25% (vol/vol) in hydroponic growth medium induced phytotoxic symptoms with frequencies of 73% chlorosis, 78% necrosis, 7% wilting, and 16% death, and at 50% (vol/vol) induced phytotoxicity with frequencies of 61% chlorosis, 82% necrosis, 9% wilting, and 26% death. Commercially-available mellein (40–100 µg/mL) in hydroponic culture medium induced wilting. However, mellein concentrations in CCFs exhibited only weak, negative, insignificant correlations with phytotoxicity measures in soybean seedlings, suggesting that mellein does not contribute substantially to observed phytotoxic effects. Further investigation is needed to determine if mellein plays any role in root infection.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1105590/fullmycotoxinnatural productphytotoxinbioassaychemical analysisfungi |
| spellingShingle | Vivek H. Khambhati Vivek H. Khambhati Hamed K. Abbas Michael Sulyok Maria Tomaso-Peterson Jian Chen Wayne Thomas Shier Mellein: Production in culture by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and its role in pathology Frontiers in Plant Science mycotoxin natural product phytotoxin bioassay chemical analysis fungi |
| title | Mellein: Production in culture by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and its role in pathology |
| title_full | Mellein: Production in culture by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and its role in pathology |
| title_fullStr | Mellein: Production in culture by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and its role in pathology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mellein: Production in culture by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and its role in pathology |
| title_short | Mellein: Production in culture by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and its role in pathology |
| title_sort | mellein production in culture by macrophomina phaseolina isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and its role in pathology |
| topic | mycotoxin natural product phytotoxin bioassay chemical analysis fungi |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1105590/full |
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