Viral DNA Accumulation Regulates Replication Efficiency of <i>Chlorovirus</i> OSy-NE5 in Two Closely Related <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> Strains
Many chloroviruses replicate in <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> algal strains that are ex-endosymbionts isolated from the protozoan <i>Paramecium bursaria,</i> including the NC64A and Syngen 2-3 strains. We noticed that indigenous water samples produced a higher number of plaque-...
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/6/1341 |
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| author | Ahmed Esmael Irina V. Agarkova David D. Dunigan You Zhou James L. Van Etten |
| author_facet | Ahmed Esmael Irina V. Agarkova David D. Dunigan You Zhou James L. Van Etten |
| author_sort | Ahmed Esmael |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Many chloroviruses replicate in <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> algal strains that are ex-endosymbionts isolated from the protozoan <i>Paramecium bursaria,</i> including the NC64A and Syngen 2-3 strains. We noticed that indigenous water samples produced a higher number of plaque-forming viruses on <i>C. variabilis</i> Syngen 2-3 lawns than on <i>C. variabilis</i> NC64A lawns. These observed differences led to the discovery of viruses that replicate exclusively in Syngen 2-3 cells, named Only Syngen (OSy) viruses. Here, we demonstrate that OSy viruses initiate infection in the restricted host NC64A by synthesizing some early virus gene products and that approximately 20% of the cells produce a small number of empty virus capsids. However, the infected cells did not produce infectious viruses because the cells were unable to replicate the viral genome. This is interesting because all previous attempts to isolate host cells resistant to chlorovirus infection were due to changes in the host receptor for the virus. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:49:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0540534d94d54b41b37b09d5138341bd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:49:39Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-0540534d94d54b41b37b09d5138341bd2023-11-18T13:02:27ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152023-06-01156134110.3390/v15061341Viral DNA Accumulation Regulates Replication Efficiency of <i>Chlorovirus</i> OSy-NE5 in Two Closely Related <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> StrainsAhmed Esmael0Irina V. Agarkova1David D. Dunigan2You Zhou3James L. Van Etten4Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USANebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USANebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USACenter for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USANebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USAMany chloroviruses replicate in <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> algal strains that are ex-endosymbionts isolated from the protozoan <i>Paramecium bursaria,</i> including the NC64A and Syngen 2-3 strains. We noticed that indigenous water samples produced a higher number of plaque-forming viruses on <i>C. variabilis</i> Syngen 2-3 lawns than on <i>C. variabilis</i> NC64A lawns. These observed differences led to the discovery of viruses that replicate exclusively in Syngen 2-3 cells, named Only Syngen (OSy) viruses. Here, we demonstrate that OSy viruses initiate infection in the restricted host NC64A by synthesizing some early virus gene products and that approximately 20% of the cells produce a small number of empty virus capsids. However, the infected cells did not produce infectious viruses because the cells were unable to replicate the viral genome. This is interesting because all previous attempts to isolate host cells resistant to chlorovirus infection were due to changes in the host receptor for the virus.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/6/1341chlorovirusesalgal virusesOSy-NE5<i>Chlorella variabilis</i>restrictionintracellular resistance |
| spellingShingle | Ahmed Esmael Irina V. Agarkova David D. Dunigan You Zhou James L. Van Etten Viral DNA Accumulation Regulates Replication Efficiency of <i>Chlorovirus</i> OSy-NE5 in Two Closely Related <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> Strains Viruses chloroviruses algal viruses OSy-NE5 <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> restriction intracellular resistance |
| title | Viral DNA Accumulation Regulates Replication Efficiency of <i>Chlorovirus</i> OSy-NE5 in Two Closely Related <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> Strains |
| title_full | Viral DNA Accumulation Regulates Replication Efficiency of <i>Chlorovirus</i> OSy-NE5 in Two Closely Related <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> Strains |
| title_fullStr | Viral DNA Accumulation Regulates Replication Efficiency of <i>Chlorovirus</i> OSy-NE5 in Two Closely Related <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> Strains |
| title_full_unstemmed | Viral DNA Accumulation Regulates Replication Efficiency of <i>Chlorovirus</i> OSy-NE5 in Two Closely Related <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> Strains |
| title_short | Viral DNA Accumulation Regulates Replication Efficiency of <i>Chlorovirus</i> OSy-NE5 in Two Closely Related <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> Strains |
| title_sort | viral dna accumulation regulates replication efficiency of i chlorovirus i osy ne5 in two closely related i chlorella variabilis i strains |
| topic | chloroviruses algal viruses OSy-NE5 <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> restriction intracellular resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/6/1341 |
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