Vertical and Horizontal Plastic Litter Distribution in a Bend of a Tidal River
Plastic litter transported in rivers may enter the marine environment. Due to the durability of plastic, the residence times in the aquatic environment are decades to millennia. Plastic litter items come in a wide variety. The density of the item and the flow velocity largely determine the vertical...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.861457/full |
| _version_ | 1818213648825319424 |
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| author | Elise Blondel Frans A. Buschman |
| author_facet | Elise Blondel Frans A. Buschman |
| author_sort | Elise Blondel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Plastic litter transported in rivers may enter the marine environment. Due to the durability of plastic, the residence times in the aquatic environment are decades to millennia. Plastic litter items come in a wide variety. The density of the item and the flow velocity largely determine the vertical distribution of the plastic litter, although the litter shape and wind can also play a role in a river. Estimates of plastic transport in a river are usually based on observations of visible litter items in the near-surface layer alone. Only a very limited number of studies have observed the vertical distribution in rivers or estuaries. We have carried out 28 sampling surveys in a river bend located in the lower part of the Rhine-Meuse delta that is under the influence of tides. To observe the vertical distribution, we sampled with three nets simultaneously up to 5 m water depth, at both sides of the river bend. In total, almost 90% of the collected debris was organic matter. Plastic litter represented the large majority of the non-organic litter: about 80% by mass, having an average concentration of 0.5 mg/m3, and more than 90% by number. We observed that by mass and by number the plastic mass concentration in the middle net was generally lower than in the lower and upper nets. In total, more plastic litter was present in the two nets lower in the water column than in the surface net. A higher plastic concentration was found at the downwind side of the channel than at the upwind side of the fairway. It was found that the plastic litter mass concentrations were of the same order of magnitude during ebb than during flood tide. The litter size that contributed most to the mass concentration (around 65%) were items in between 25 and 500 mm, which were mostly soft plastics (i.e. foils). In the lower net, relatively more small hard plastic items were found. It was observed that these plastic items were sometimes entangled in organic matter. The plastic flux lower in the water column may follow the transport of organic matter like aquatic plants. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T06:07:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-057b131a1199486d80c540d075897b50 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-665X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T06:07:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-057b131a1199486d80c540d075897b502022-12-22T00:35:15ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Environmental Science2296-665X2022-05-011010.3389/fenvs.2022.861457861457Vertical and Horizontal Plastic Litter Distribution in a Bend of a Tidal RiverElise Blondel0Frans A. Buschman1Allseas, Innovations Department, Delft, NetherlandsDeltares, River Dynamics and Inland Shipping Department, Delft, NetherlandsPlastic litter transported in rivers may enter the marine environment. Due to the durability of plastic, the residence times in the aquatic environment are decades to millennia. Plastic litter items come in a wide variety. The density of the item and the flow velocity largely determine the vertical distribution of the plastic litter, although the litter shape and wind can also play a role in a river. Estimates of plastic transport in a river are usually based on observations of visible litter items in the near-surface layer alone. Only a very limited number of studies have observed the vertical distribution in rivers or estuaries. We have carried out 28 sampling surveys in a river bend located in the lower part of the Rhine-Meuse delta that is under the influence of tides. To observe the vertical distribution, we sampled with three nets simultaneously up to 5 m water depth, at both sides of the river bend. In total, almost 90% of the collected debris was organic matter. Plastic litter represented the large majority of the non-organic litter: about 80% by mass, having an average concentration of 0.5 mg/m3, and more than 90% by number. We observed that by mass and by number the plastic mass concentration in the middle net was generally lower than in the lower and upper nets. In total, more plastic litter was present in the two nets lower in the water column than in the surface net. A higher plastic concentration was found at the downwind side of the channel than at the upwind side of the fairway. It was found that the plastic litter mass concentrations were of the same order of magnitude during ebb than during flood tide. The litter size that contributed most to the mass concentration (around 65%) were items in between 25 and 500 mm, which were mostly soft plastics (i.e. foils). In the lower net, relatively more small hard plastic items were found. It was observed that these plastic items were sometimes entangled in organic matter. The plastic flux lower in the water column may follow the transport of organic matter like aquatic plants.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.861457/fullsamplingriver bendplastic pollutionmacroplasticrhine rivernieuwe maas |
| spellingShingle | Elise Blondel Frans A. Buschman Vertical and Horizontal Plastic Litter Distribution in a Bend of a Tidal River Frontiers in Environmental Science sampling river bend plastic pollution macroplastic rhine river nieuwe maas |
| title | Vertical and Horizontal Plastic Litter Distribution in a Bend of a Tidal River |
| title_full | Vertical and Horizontal Plastic Litter Distribution in a Bend of a Tidal River |
| title_fullStr | Vertical and Horizontal Plastic Litter Distribution in a Bend of a Tidal River |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vertical and Horizontal Plastic Litter Distribution in a Bend of a Tidal River |
| title_short | Vertical and Horizontal Plastic Litter Distribution in a Bend of a Tidal River |
| title_sort | vertical and horizontal plastic litter distribution in a bend of a tidal river |
| topic | sampling river bend plastic pollution macroplastic rhine river nieuwe maas |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.861457/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT eliseblondel verticalandhorizontalplasticlitterdistributioninabendofatidalriver AT fransabuschman verticalandhorizontalplasticlitterdistributioninabendofatidalriver |