Monte Carlo Simulation for Investigating the Sintering Temperatures Effects on Radiation Shielding Performances of Lead-Free ABO<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Ceramic
In this study, a series of barium titanate ceramics of the chemical composition BaTiO<sub>3</sub> was prepared. The solid-state reaction route was adopted to synthesize the ceramic samples at various sintering temperatures of 1100–1300 °C. X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy were uti...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| author | Essia Hannachi Karem G. Mahmoud Yassine Slimani M. I. Sayyed Jack Arayro Yasser Maghrbi |
| author_facet | Essia Hannachi Karem G. Mahmoud Yassine Slimani M. I. Sayyed Jack Arayro Yasser Maghrbi |
| author_sort | Essia Hannachi |
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| description | In this study, a series of barium titanate ceramics of the chemical composition BaTiO<sub>3</sub> was prepared. The solid-state reaction route was adopted to synthesize the ceramic samples at various sintering temperatures of 1100–1300 °C. X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy were utilized to examine the structure of the fabricated ceramics. The UV–Vis–reflectance data were recorded to guess the optical bandgap energy of the synthesized ceramics. The ability of the synthesized ceramics to attenuate ionizing radiation was qualified using a Monte Carlo simulation (MCNP code) in the γ-energy interval ranging between 59 keV and 1408 keV. Shielding parameters, including LAC, TF, and RPE, were evaluated. The XRD and FTIR analyses showed the formation of a tetragonal BaTiO<sub>3</sub> perovskite structure with the Pmmm space group. The crystallite size and the relative density increased, whereas the porosity decreased, with increasing sintering temperatures. Optical bandgap energy (E<sub>g</sub>) values decreased as the sintering temperatures increased. The radiation shielding results depicted that raising the sintering temperature between 1100 °C and 1300 °C resulted in a slight increase in the <i>µ</i> values by a factor of ≈8 %. The mentioned increase in the <i>µ</i> values caused a reduction in the Δ<sub>eq</sub> and Δ<sub>0.5</sub>, and TF values for the fabricated BaTiO<sub>3</sub> ceramic samples, while the RPE values increased with increasing sintering temperatures between 1100 °C and 1300 °C. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-05918daa2b1d40bcb334a81bea347bc72023-11-16T19:55:17ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522023-01-0113223010.3390/cryst13020230Monte Carlo Simulation for Investigating the Sintering Temperatures Effects on Radiation Shielding Performances of Lead-Free ABO<sub>3</sub> Perovskite CeramicEssia Hannachi0Karem G. Mahmoud1Yassine Slimani2M. I. Sayyed3Jack Arayro4Yasser Maghrbi5Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Nuclear Power Plants and Renewable Energy, Ural Federal University, St. Mira, 19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, RussiaDepartment of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi ArabiaCollege of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Eqaila 54200, KuwaitUniversity of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, TunisiaIn this study, a series of barium titanate ceramics of the chemical composition BaTiO<sub>3</sub> was prepared. The solid-state reaction route was adopted to synthesize the ceramic samples at various sintering temperatures of 1100–1300 °C. X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy were utilized to examine the structure of the fabricated ceramics. The UV–Vis–reflectance data were recorded to guess the optical bandgap energy of the synthesized ceramics. The ability of the synthesized ceramics to attenuate ionizing radiation was qualified using a Monte Carlo simulation (MCNP code) in the γ-energy interval ranging between 59 keV and 1408 keV. Shielding parameters, including LAC, TF, and RPE, were evaluated. The XRD and FTIR analyses showed the formation of a tetragonal BaTiO<sub>3</sub> perovskite structure with the Pmmm space group. The crystallite size and the relative density increased, whereas the porosity decreased, with increasing sintering temperatures. Optical bandgap energy (E<sub>g</sub>) values decreased as the sintering temperatures increased. The radiation shielding results depicted that raising the sintering temperature between 1100 °C and 1300 °C resulted in a slight increase in the <i>µ</i> values by a factor of ≈8 %. The mentioned increase in the <i>µ</i> values caused a reduction in the Δ<sub>eq</sub> and Δ<sub>0.5</sub>, and TF values for the fabricated BaTiO<sub>3</sub> ceramic samples, while the RPE values increased with increasing sintering temperatures between 1100 °C and 1300 °C.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/13/2/230ceramicstructureoptical band gap energylinear attenuation coefficientradiation protection efficiency |
| spellingShingle | Essia Hannachi Karem G. Mahmoud Yassine Slimani M. I. Sayyed Jack Arayro Yasser Maghrbi Monte Carlo Simulation for Investigating the Sintering Temperatures Effects on Radiation Shielding Performances of Lead-Free ABO<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Ceramic Crystals ceramic structure optical band gap energy linear attenuation coefficient radiation protection efficiency |
| title | Monte Carlo Simulation for Investigating the Sintering Temperatures Effects on Radiation Shielding Performances of Lead-Free ABO<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Ceramic |
| title_full | Monte Carlo Simulation for Investigating the Sintering Temperatures Effects on Radiation Shielding Performances of Lead-Free ABO<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Ceramic |
| title_fullStr | Monte Carlo Simulation for Investigating the Sintering Temperatures Effects on Radiation Shielding Performances of Lead-Free ABO<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Ceramic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Monte Carlo Simulation for Investigating the Sintering Temperatures Effects on Radiation Shielding Performances of Lead-Free ABO<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Ceramic |
| title_short | Monte Carlo Simulation for Investigating the Sintering Temperatures Effects on Radiation Shielding Performances of Lead-Free ABO<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Ceramic |
| title_sort | monte carlo simulation for investigating the sintering temperatures effects on radiation shielding performances of lead free abo sub 3 sub perovskite ceramic |
| topic | ceramic structure optical band gap energy linear attenuation coefficient radiation protection efficiency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/13/2/230 |
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