Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility of a Hand-Held Structured-Light 3D Scanner across Multi-Site Settings in Lower Limb Prosthetics
The aim of this work was to assess the accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility of a hand-held, structured-light 3D scanner (EINScan Pro 2X Plus with High Definition Prime Pack, SHINING 3D Tech. Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China), to support its potential use in multi-site settings on lower limb prosth...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2350 |
| _version_ | 1797211919893921792 |
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| author | Andrea Giovanni Cutti Maria Grazia Santi Andrew H. Hansen Stefania Fatone |
| author_facet | Andrea Giovanni Cutti Maria Grazia Santi Andrew H. Hansen Stefania Fatone |
| author_sort | Andrea Giovanni Cutti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of this work was to assess the accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility of a hand-held, structured-light 3D scanner (EINScan Pro 2X Plus with High Definition Prime Pack, SHINING 3D Tech. Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China), to support its potential use in multi-site settings on lower limb prosthetics. Four limb models with different shapes were fabricated and scanned with a metrological 3D scanner (EINScan Laser FreeScan 5X, SHINING 3D Tech. Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) by a professional operator (OP0). Limb models were then mailed to three sites where two operators (OP1, OP2) scanned them using their own structured-light 3D scanner (same model). OP1 scanned limb models twice (OP1-A, OP1-B). OP0, OP1-A, and OP2 scans were compared for accuracy, OP1-A and OP1-B for repeatability, and OP1-A and OP2 for reproducibility. Among all comparisons, the mean radial error was <0.25 mm, mean angular error was <4°, and root mean square error of the radial distance was <1 mm. Moreover, limits of agreement were <3.5% for perimeters and volumes. By comparing these results with respect to clinically-relevant thresholds and to the literature available on other 3D scanners, we conclude that the EINScan Pro 2X Plus 3D Scanner with High Definition Prime Pack has good accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility, supporting its use in multi-site settings. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:34:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-05a0c879c7c8436e971c8a3ef0a85afc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:34:09Z |
| publishDate | 2024-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-05a0c879c7c8436e971c8a3ef0a85afc2024-04-12T13:26:50ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202024-04-01247235010.3390/s24072350Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility of a Hand-Held Structured-Light 3D Scanner across Multi-Site Settings in Lower Limb ProstheticsAndrea Giovanni Cutti0Maria Grazia Santi1Andrew H. Hansen2Stefania Fatone3INAIL, Via Rabuina 14, Vigorso di Budrio, 40054 Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, ItalyMinneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USANUOPC, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, 680 N Lake Shore Dr, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL 60611, USAThe aim of this work was to assess the accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility of a hand-held, structured-light 3D scanner (EINScan Pro 2X Plus with High Definition Prime Pack, SHINING 3D Tech. Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China), to support its potential use in multi-site settings on lower limb prosthetics. Four limb models with different shapes were fabricated and scanned with a metrological 3D scanner (EINScan Laser FreeScan 5X, SHINING 3D Tech. Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) by a professional operator (OP0). Limb models were then mailed to three sites where two operators (OP1, OP2) scanned them using their own structured-light 3D scanner (same model). OP1 scanned limb models twice (OP1-A, OP1-B). OP0, OP1-A, and OP2 scans were compared for accuracy, OP1-A and OP1-B for repeatability, and OP1-A and OP2 for reproducibility. Among all comparisons, the mean radial error was <0.25 mm, mean angular error was <4°, and root mean square error of the radial distance was <1 mm. Moreover, limits of agreement were <3.5% for perimeters and volumes. By comparing these results with respect to clinically-relevant thresholds and to the literature available on other 3D scanners, we conclude that the EINScan Pro 2X Plus 3D Scanner with High Definition Prime Pack has good accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility, supporting its use in multi-site settings.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2350structured-light 3D scannerhand-held 3D scanneraccuracyrepeatabilityreproducibilityamputation |
| spellingShingle | Andrea Giovanni Cutti Maria Grazia Santi Andrew H. Hansen Stefania Fatone Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility of a Hand-Held Structured-Light 3D Scanner across Multi-Site Settings in Lower Limb Prosthetics Sensors structured-light 3D scanner hand-held 3D scanner accuracy repeatability reproducibility amputation |
| title | Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility of a Hand-Held Structured-Light 3D Scanner across Multi-Site Settings in Lower Limb Prosthetics |
| title_full | Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility of a Hand-Held Structured-Light 3D Scanner across Multi-Site Settings in Lower Limb Prosthetics |
| title_fullStr | Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility of a Hand-Held Structured-Light 3D Scanner across Multi-Site Settings in Lower Limb Prosthetics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility of a Hand-Held Structured-Light 3D Scanner across Multi-Site Settings in Lower Limb Prosthetics |
| title_short | Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility of a Hand-Held Structured-Light 3D Scanner across Multi-Site Settings in Lower Limb Prosthetics |
| title_sort | accuracy repeatability and reproducibility of a hand held structured light 3d scanner across multi site settings in lower limb prosthetics |
| topic | structured-light 3D scanner hand-held 3D scanner accuracy repeatability reproducibility amputation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2350 |
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