Effects of Different Nitrogen Sources and Ratios to Carbon on Larval Development and Bioconversion Efficiency in Food Waste Treatment by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>)
Biowaste treatment by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, <i>Hermetia illucens</i>) has received global research interest and growing industrial application. Larvae farming conditions, such as temperature, pH, and moisture, have been critically examined. However, the substrate carbon to nitr...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/6/507 |
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| author | Yan Lu Shouyu Zhang Shibo Sun Minghuo Wu Yongming Bao Huiyan Tong Miaomiao Ren Ning Jin Jianqiang Xu Hao Zhou Weiping Xu |
| author_facet | Yan Lu Shouyu Zhang Shibo Sun Minghuo Wu Yongming Bao Huiyan Tong Miaomiao Ren Ning Jin Jianqiang Xu Hao Zhou Weiping Xu |
| author_sort | Yan Lu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biowaste treatment by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, <i>Hermetia illucens</i>) has received global research interest and growing industrial application. Larvae farming conditions, such as temperature, pH, and moisture, have been critically examined. However, the substrate carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), one of the key parameters that may affect larval survival and bioconversion efficiency, is significantly less studied. The current study aimed to compare the nitrogen supplying effects of 9 nitrogen species (i.e., NH<sub>4</sub>Cl, NaNO<sub>3</sub>, urea, uric acid, Gly, L-Glu, L-Glu:L-Asp (1:1, <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>), soybean flour, and fish meal) during food waste larval treatment, and further examine the C/N effects on the larval development and bioconversion process, using the C/N adjustment with urea from the initial 21:1 to 18:1, 16:1, 14:1, 12:1, and 10:1, respectively. The food wastes were supplied with the same amount of nitrogen element (1 g N/100 g dry wt) in the nitrogen source trial and different amount of urea in the C/N adjustment trial following larvae treatment. The results showed that NH<sub>4</sub>Cl and NaNO<sub>3</sub> caused significant harmful impacts on the larval survival and bioconversion process, while the 7 organic nitrogen species resulted in no significant negative effect. Further adjustment of C/N with urea showed that the C/N range between 18:1 and 14:1 was optimal for a high waste reduction performance (73.5–84.8%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and a high larvae yield (25.3–26.6%, <i>p</i> = 0.015), while the C/N range of 18:1 to 16:1 was further optimal for an efficient larval protein yield (10.1–11.1%, <i>p</i> = 0.003) and lipid yield (7.6–8.1%, <i>p</i> = 0.002). The adjustment of C/N influenced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD, <i>p</i> = 0.015), whereas exerted no obvious impact on the larval amino acid composition. Altogether, organic nitrogen is more suitable than NH<sub>4</sub>Cl and NaNO<sub>3</sub> as the nitrogen amendment during larval food waste treatment, addition of small amounts of urea, targeting C/N of 18:1–14:1, would improve the waste reduction performance, and application of C/N at 18:1–16:1 would facilitate the larval protein and lipid bioconversion process. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:50:22Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-05ba393c201c43d5a1ea719d08e6fd112023-11-21T22:15:19ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502021-05-0112650710.3390/insects12060507Effects of Different Nitrogen Sources and Ratios to Carbon on Larval Development and Bioconversion Efficiency in Food Waste Treatment by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>)Yan Lu0Shouyu Zhang1Shibo Sun2Minghuo Wu3Yongming Bao4Huiyan Tong5Miaomiao Ren6Ning Jin7Jianqiang Xu8Hao Zhou9Weiping Xu10Department of Environmental Ecological Engineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Ecological Engineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, ChinaSchool of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Ecological Engineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Ecological Engineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Ecological Engineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Ecological Engineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Ecological Engineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, ChinaPanjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Ecological Engineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Ecological Engineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, ChinaBiowaste treatment by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, <i>Hermetia illucens</i>) has received global research interest and growing industrial application. Larvae farming conditions, such as temperature, pH, and moisture, have been critically examined. However, the substrate carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), one of the key parameters that may affect larval survival and bioconversion efficiency, is significantly less studied. The current study aimed to compare the nitrogen supplying effects of 9 nitrogen species (i.e., NH<sub>4</sub>Cl, NaNO<sub>3</sub>, urea, uric acid, Gly, L-Glu, L-Glu:L-Asp (1:1, <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>), soybean flour, and fish meal) during food waste larval treatment, and further examine the C/N effects on the larval development and bioconversion process, using the C/N adjustment with urea from the initial 21:1 to 18:1, 16:1, 14:1, 12:1, and 10:1, respectively. The food wastes were supplied with the same amount of nitrogen element (1 g N/100 g dry wt) in the nitrogen source trial and different amount of urea in the C/N adjustment trial following larvae treatment. The results showed that NH<sub>4</sub>Cl and NaNO<sub>3</sub> caused significant harmful impacts on the larval survival and bioconversion process, while the 7 organic nitrogen species resulted in no significant negative effect. Further adjustment of C/N with urea showed that the C/N range between 18:1 and 14:1 was optimal for a high waste reduction performance (73.5–84.8%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and a high larvae yield (25.3–26.6%, <i>p</i> = 0.015), while the C/N range of 18:1 to 16:1 was further optimal for an efficient larval protein yield (10.1–11.1%, <i>p</i> = 0.003) and lipid yield (7.6–8.1%, <i>p</i> = 0.002). The adjustment of C/N influenced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD, <i>p</i> = 0.015), whereas exerted no obvious impact on the larval amino acid composition. Altogether, organic nitrogen is more suitable than NH<sub>4</sub>Cl and NaNO<sub>3</sub> as the nitrogen amendment during larval food waste treatment, addition of small amounts of urea, targeting C/N of 18:1–14:1, would improve the waste reduction performance, and application of C/N at 18:1–16:1 would facilitate the larval protein and lipid bioconversion process.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/6/507nitrogen sourcecarbon to nitrogen ratiofood wasteureablack soldier fly larvae<i>Hermetia illucens</i> |
| spellingShingle | Yan Lu Shouyu Zhang Shibo Sun Minghuo Wu Yongming Bao Huiyan Tong Miaomiao Ren Ning Jin Jianqiang Xu Hao Zhou Weiping Xu Effects of Different Nitrogen Sources and Ratios to Carbon on Larval Development and Bioconversion Efficiency in Food Waste Treatment by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Insects nitrogen source carbon to nitrogen ratio food waste urea black soldier fly larvae <i>Hermetia illucens</i> |
| title | Effects of Different Nitrogen Sources and Ratios to Carbon on Larval Development and Bioconversion Efficiency in Food Waste Treatment by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) |
| title_full | Effects of Different Nitrogen Sources and Ratios to Carbon on Larval Development and Bioconversion Efficiency in Food Waste Treatment by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Different Nitrogen Sources and Ratios to Carbon on Larval Development and Bioconversion Efficiency in Food Waste Treatment by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Different Nitrogen Sources and Ratios to Carbon on Larval Development and Bioconversion Efficiency in Food Waste Treatment by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) |
| title_short | Effects of Different Nitrogen Sources and Ratios to Carbon on Larval Development and Bioconversion Efficiency in Food Waste Treatment by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) |
| title_sort | effects of different nitrogen sources and ratios to carbon on larval development and bioconversion efficiency in food waste treatment by black soldier fly larvae i hermetia illucens i |
| topic | nitrogen source carbon to nitrogen ratio food waste urea black soldier fly larvae <i>Hermetia illucens</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/6/507 |
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