Evaluating the Chemical Hazards in Wine Production Associated with Climate Change
The climate warming trend challenges the chemical risk associated with wine production worldwide. The present study investigated the possible difference between chemical wine profile during the drought year 2012 compared to the post-drought year 2013. Toxic metals (Cd and Pb), microelements (Mn, Ni,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/7/1526 |
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| author | Constantin Nechita Andreea Maria Iordache Cezara Voica Diana Costinel Oana Romina Botoran Diana Ionela Popescu Niculina Sonia Șuvar |
| author_facet | Constantin Nechita Andreea Maria Iordache Cezara Voica Diana Costinel Oana Romina Botoran Diana Ionela Popescu Niculina Sonia Șuvar |
| author_sort | Constantin Nechita |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The climate warming trend challenges the chemical risk associated with wine production worldwide. The present study investigated the possible difference between chemical wine profile during the drought year 2012 compared to the post-drought year 2013. Toxic metals (Cd and Pb), microelements (Mn, Ni, Zn, Al, Ba, and Cu), macroelements (Na, Mg, K, Ca, and P), isotopic ratios (<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr and <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>207</sup>Pb), stable isotopes (<i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O, <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, (D/H)<sub>I</sub>, and (D/H)<sub>II</sub>), and climatic data were analyzed. The multivariate technique, correlation analysis, factor analysis, partial least squares–discriminant analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis were used for data interpretation. The maximum temperature had a maximum difference when comparing data year apart. Indeed, extreme droughts were noted in only the spring and early summer of 2012 and in 2013, which increased the mean value of ground frost days. The microelements, macroelements, and Pb presented extreme effects in 2012, emphasizing more variability in terms of the type of wine. Extremely high Cd values were found in the wine samples analyzed, at up to 10.1 µg/L. The relationship between precipitation and <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O from wine was complex, indicating grape formation under the systematic influence of the current year precipitation, and differences between years were noted. <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C had disentangled values, with no differentiation between years, and when coupled with the deuterium–hydrogen ratio, it could sustain the hypothesis of possible adulteration. In the current analysis, the <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr showed higher values than in other Romanian studies. The temperature had a strong positive correlation with Pb, while the ground frost day frequency correlated with both Pb and Cd toxic elements in the wine. Other significant relationships were disclosed between the chemical properties of wine and climate data. The multivariate statistical analysis indicated that heat stress had significant importance in the chemical profile of the wine, and the ground frost exceeded the influence of water stress, especially in Transylvania. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:36:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-05cf05c0e815464a8ab6b96063174355 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:36:27Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-05cf05c0e815464a8ab6b960631743552023-11-17T16:42:31ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-04-01127152610.3390/foods12071526Evaluating the Chemical Hazards in Wine Production Associated with Climate ChangeConstantin Nechita0Andreea Maria Iordache1Cezara Voica2Diana Costinel3Oana Romina Botoran4Diana Ionela Popescu5Niculina Sonia Șuvar6National Research and Development Institute for Forestry “Marin Drăcea”—INCDS, 128 Boulvard Eroilor, 077190 Voluntari, RomaniaNational Research and Development Institute of Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, ICSI, 4 Uzinei Str., 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, RomaniaNational Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Str., 400293 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaNational Research and Development Institute of Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, ICSI, 4 Uzinei Str., 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, RomaniaNational Research and Development Institute of Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, ICSI, 4 Uzinei Str., 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, RomaniaNational Research and Development Institute of Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, ICSI, 4 Uzinei Str., 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, RomaniaNational Institute for Research and Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion, 32-34 General Vasile Milea Str., 332047 Petroșani, RomaniaThe climate warming trend challenges the chemical risk associated with wine production worldwide. The present study investigated the possible difference between chemical wine profile during the drought year 2012 compared to the post-drought year 2013. Toxic metals (Cd and Pb), microelements (Mn, Ni, Zn, Al, Ba, and Cu), macroelements (Na, Mg, K, Ca, and P), isotopic ratios (<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr and <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>207</sup>Pb), stable isotopes (<i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O, <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, (D/H)<sub>I</sub>, and (D/H)<sub>II</sub>), and climatic data were analyzed. The multivariate technique, correlation analysis, factor analysis, partial least squares–discriminant analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis were used for data interpretation. The maximum temperature had a maximum difference when comparing data year apart. Indeed, extreme droughts were noted in only the spring and early summer of 2012 and in 2013, which increased the mean value of ground frost days. The microelements, macroelements, and Pb presented extreme effects in 2012, emphasizing more variability in terms of the type of wine. Extremely high Cd values were found in the wine samples analyzed, at up to 10.1 µg/L. The relationship between precipitation and <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O from wine was complex, indicating grape formation under the systematic influence of the current year precipitation, and differences between years were noted. <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C had disentangled values, with no differentiation between years, and when coupled with the deuterium–hydrogen ratio, it could sustain the hypothesis of possible adulteration. In the current analysis, the <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr showed higher values than in other Romanian studies. The temperature had a strong positive correlation with Pb, while the ground frost day frequency correlated with both Pb and Cd toxic elements in the wine. Other significant relationships were disclosed between the chemical properties of wine and climate data. The multivariate statistical analysis indicated that heat stress had significant importance in the chemical profile of the wine, and the ground frost exceeded the influence of water stress, especially in Transylvania.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/7/1526ICP-MSRomanian winesmetallic trace elements<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr and <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>207</sup>Pb isotopic ratios |
| spellingShingle | Constantin Nechita Andreea Maria Iordache Cezara Voica Diana Costinel Oana Romina Botoran Diana Ionela Popescu Niculina Sonia Șuvar Evaluating the Chemical Hazards in Wine Production Associated with Climate Change Foods ICP-MS Romanian wines metallic trace elements <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr and <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>207</sup>Pb isotopic ratios |
| title | Evaluating the Chemical Hazards in Wine Production Associated with Climate Change |
| title_full | Evaluating the Chemical Hazards in Wine Production Associated with Climate Change |
| title_fullStr | Evaluating the Chemical Hazards in Wine Production Associated with Climate Change |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating the Chemical Hazards in Wine Production Associated with Climate Change |
| title_short | Evaluating the Chemical Hazards in Wine Production Associated with Climate Change |
| title_sort | evaluating the chemical hazards in wine production associated with climate change |
| topic | ICP-MS Romanian wines metallic trace elements <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr and <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>207</sup>Pb isotopic ratios |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/7/1526 |
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