COVID-19 after two years: trajectories of different components of mental health in the Spanish population
Abstract Aims Our study aimed to (1) identify trajectories on different mental health components during a two-year follow-up of the COVID-19 pandemic and contextualise them according to pandemic periods; (2) investigate the associations between mental health trajectories and several exposures, and d...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Cambridge University Press
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2045796023000136/type/journal_article |
| _version_ | 1827965738620551168 |
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| author | I. Bayes-Marin M. Cabello-Toscano G. Cattaneo J. Solana-Sánchez D. Fernández C. Portellano-Ortiz J. M. Tormos A. Pascual-Leone D. Bartrés-Faz |
| author_facet | I. Bayes-Marin M. Cabello-Toscano G. Cattaneo J. Solana-Sánchez D. Fernández C. Portellano-Ortiz J. M. Tormos A. Pascual-Leone D. Bartrés-Faz |
| author_sort | I. Bayes-Marin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract
Aims
Our study aimed to (1) identify trajectories on different mental health components during a two-year follow-up of the COVID-19 pandemic and contextualise them according to pandemic periods; (2) investigate the associations between mental health trajectories and several exposures, and determine whether there were differences among the different mental health outcomes regarding these associations.
Methods
We included 5535 healthy individuals, aged 40–65 years old, from the Barcelona Brain Health Initiative (BBHI). Growth mixture models (GMM) were fitted to classify individuals into different trajectories for three mental health-related outcomes (psychological distress, personal growth and loneliness). Moreover, we fitted a multinomial regression model for each outcome considering class membership as the independent variable to assess the association with the predictors.
Results
For the outcomes studied we identified three latent trajectories, differentiating two major trends, a large proportion of participants was classified into ‘resilient’ trajectories, and a smaller proportion into ‘chronic-worsening’ trajectories. For the former, we observed a lower susceptibility to the changes, whereas, for the latter, we noticed greater heterogeneity and susceptibility to different periods of the pandemic. From the multinomial regression models, we found global and cognitive health, and coping strategies as common protective factors among the studied mental health components. Nevertheless, some differences were found regarding the risk factors. Living alone was only significant for those classified into ‘chronic’ trajectories of loneliness, but not for the other outcomes. Similarly, secondary or higher education was only a risk factor for the ‘worsening’ trajectory of personal growth. Finally, smoking and sleeping problems were risk factors which were associated with the ‘chronic’ trajectory of psychological distress.
Conclusions
Our results support heterogeneity in reactions to the pandemic and the need to study different mental health-related components over a longer follow-up period, as each one evolves differently depending on the pandemic period. In addition, the understanding of modifiable protective and risk factors associated with these trajectories would allow the characterisation of these segments of the population to create targeted interventions.
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| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T17:38:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-060d5ffdea52497cabcdc100551b6f40 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-7960 2045-7979 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T17:38:03Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-060d5ffdea52497cabcdc100551b6f402023-04-17T08:01:25ZengCambridge University PressEpidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences2045-79602045-79792023-01-013210.1017/S2045796023000136COVID-19 after two years: trajectories of different components of mental health in the Spanish populationI. Bayes-Marin0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3816-5244M. Cabello-Toscano1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5066-3476G. Cattaneo2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7411-6829J. Solana-Sánchez3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0880-7856D. Fernández4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0012-2094C. Portellano-Ortiz5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1069-4803J. M. Tormos6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8764-2289A. Pascual-Leone7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8975-0382D. Bartrés-Faz8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6020-4118Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut – Campus Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, SpainDepartament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut – Campus Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, SpainInstitut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, SpainInstitut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, SpainInstituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain Serra-Húnter fellow. Department of Statistics and Operations Research (DEIO), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya ⋅ BarcelonaTech (UPC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain Institute of Mathematics of UPC – BarcelonaTech (IMTech), 08028 Barcelona, SpainDepartament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut – Campus Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, SpainInstitut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, SpainInstitut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USADepartament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut – Campus Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, SpainAbstract Aims Our study aimed to (1) identify trajectories on different mental health components during a two-year follow-up of the COVID-19 pandemic and contextualise them according to pandemic periods; (2) investigate the associations between mental health trajectories and several exposures, and determine whether there were differences among the different mental health outcomes regarding these associations. Methods We included 5535 healthy individuals, aged 40–65 years old, from the Barcelona Brain Health Initiative (BBHI). Growth mixture models (GMM) were fitted to classify individuals into different trajectories for three mental health-related outcomes (psychological distress, personal growth and loneliness). Moreover, we fitted a multinomial regression model for each outcome considering class membership as the independent variable to assess the association with the predictors. Results For the outcomes studied we identified three latent trajectories, differentiating two major trends, a large proportion of participants was classified into ‘resilient’ trajectories, and a smaller proportion into ‘chronic-worsening’ trajectories. For the former, we observed a lower susceptibility to the changes, whereas, for the latter, we noticed greater heterogeneity and susceptibility to different periods of the pandemic. From the multinomial regression models, we found global and cognitive health, and coping strategies as common protective factors among the studied mental health components. Nevertheless, some differences were found regarding the risk factors. Living alone was only significant for those classified into ‘chronic’ trajectories of loneliness, but not for the other outcomes. Similarly, secondary or higher education was only a risk factor for the ‘worsening’ trajectory of personal growth. Finally, smoking and sleeping problems were risk factors which were associated with the ‘chronic’ trajectory of psychological distress. Conclusions Our results support heterogeneity in reactions to the pandemic and the need to study different mental health-related components over a longer follow-up period, as each one evolves differently depending on the pandemic period. In addition, the understanding of modifiable protective and risk factors associated with these trajectories would allow the characterisation of these segments of the population to create targeted interventions. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2045796023000136/type/journal_articleCOVID-19growth mixture modelsmental healthtrajectories |
| spellingShingle | I. Bayes-Marin M. Cabello-Toscano G. Cattaneo J. Solana-Sánchez D. Fernández C. Portellano-Ortiz J. M. Tormos A. Pascual-Leone D. Bartrés-Faz COVID-19 after two years: trajectories of different components of mental health in the Spanish population Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences COVID-19 growth mixture models mental health trajectories |
| title | COVID-19 after two years: trajectories of different components of mental health in the Spanish population |
| title_full | COVID-19 after two years: trajectories of different components of mental health in the Spanish population |
| title_fullStr | COVID-19 after two years: trajectories of different components of mental health in the Spanish population |
| title_full_unstemmed | COVID-19 after two years: trajectories of different components of mental health in the Spanish population |
| title_short | COVID-19 after two years: trajectories of different components of mental health in the Spanish population |
| title_sort | covid 19 after two years trajectories of different components of mental health in the spanish population |
| topic | COVID-19 growth mixture models mental health trajectories |
| url | https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2045796023000136/type/journal_article |
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