| Summary: | We collect the yields of charged pions (<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mo>+</mo> </msup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>), charged kaons (<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mo>+</mo> </msup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>), anti-protons (<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mover accent="true"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>), and protons (<i>p</i>) produced in mid-rapidity interval (in most cases) in central gold−gold (Au−Au), central lead−lead (Pb−Pb), and inelastic or non-single-diffractive proton−proton (<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>) collisions at different collision energies. The chemical potentials of light particles and quarks are extracted from the yield ratios, <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> <mo>/</mo> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mo>+</mo> </msup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> <mo>/</mo> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mo>+</mo> </msup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mo>/</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, of antiparticles to particles over an energy range from a few GeV to above 10 TeV. At a few GeV (∼4 GeV), the chemical potentials show, and the yield ratios do not show, different trends comparing with those at other energies, although the limiting values of the chemical potentials and the yield ratios at very high energy are 0 and 1, respectively.
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