The role of grain size evolution in the rheology of ice: implications for reconciling laboratory creep data and the Glen flow law
<p>Viscous flow in ice is often described by the Glen flow law – a non-Newtonian, power-law relationship between stress and strain rate with a stress exponent <span class="inline-formula"><i>n</i></span> <span class="inline-formula">∼</span&...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2021-09-01
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| Series: | The Cryosphere |
| Online Access: | https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/4589/2021/tc-15-4589-2021.pdf |
| Summary: | <p>Viscous flow in ice is often described by the Glen flow law – a
non-Newtonian, power-law relationship between stress and strain rate with a
stress exponent <span class="inline-formula"><i>n</i></span> <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 3. The Glen law is attributed to
grain-size-insensitive dislocation creep; however, laboratory and field
studies demonstrate that deformation in ice can be strongly dependent on
grain size. This has led to the hypothesis that at sufficiently low
stresses, ice flow is controlled by grain boundary sliding, which explicitly incorporates the grain size dependence of ice rheology. Experimental studies
find that neither dislocation creep (<span class="inline-formula"><i>n</i></span> <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 4) nor grain boundary
sliding (<span class="inline-formula"><i>n</i></span> <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 1.8) have stress exponents that match the value of
<span class="inline-formula"><i>n</i></span> <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 3 in the Glen law. Thus, although the Glen law provides an
approximate description of ice flow in glaciers and ice sheets, its
functional form is not explained by a single deformation mechanism. Here we
seek to understand the origin of the <span class="inline-formula"><i>n</i></span> <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 3 dependence of the
Glen law by using the “wattmeter” to model grain size evolution in ice.
The wattmeter posits that grain size is controlled by a balance between the
mechanical work required for grain growth and dynamic grain size reduction.
Using the wattmeter, we calculate grain size evolution in two end-member
cases: (1) a 1-D shear zone and (2) as a function of depth within an
ice sheet. Calculated grain sizes match both laboratory data and ice core
observations for the interior of ice sheets. Finally, we show that
variations in grain size with deformation conditions result in an effective
stress exponent intermediate between grain boundary sliding and dislocation
creep, which is consistent with a value of <span class="inline-formula"><i>n</i></span> <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 3 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.5 over the range
of strain rates found in most natural systems.</p> |
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| ISSN: | 1994-0416 1994-0424 |