Metabolism of Zearalenone in the Rumen of Dairy Cows with and without Application of a Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a frequent contaminant of animal feed and is well known for its estrogenic effects in animals. Cattle are considered less sensitive to ZEN than pigs. However, ZEN has previously been shown to be converted to the highly estrogenic metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) in...
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/2/84 |
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| author | Christiane Gruber-Dorninger Johannes Faas Barbara Doupovec Markus Aleschko Christian Stoiber Andreas Höbartner-Gußl Karin Schöndorfer Manuela Killinger Qendrim Zebeli Dian Schatzmayr |
| author_facet | Christiane Gruber-Dorninger Johannes Faas Barbara Doupovec Markus Aleschko Christian Stoiber Andreas Höbartner-Gußl Karin Schöndorfer Manuela Killinger Qendrim Zebeli Dian Schatzmayr |
| author_sort | Christiane Gruber-Dorninger |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a frequent contaminant of animal feed and is well known for its estrogenic effects in animals. Cattle are considered less sensitive to ZEN than pigs. However, ZEN has previously been shown to be converted to the highly estrogenic metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) in rumen fluid in vitro. Here, we investigate the metabolism of ZEN in the reticulorumen of dairy cows. To this end, rumen-fistulated non-lactating Holstein Friesian cows (<i>n</i> = 4) received a one-time oral dose of ZEN (5 mg ZEN in 500 g concentrate feed) and the concentrations of ZEN and ZEN metabolites were measured in free rumen liquid from three reticulorumen locations (reticulum, ventral sac and dorsal mat layer) during a 34-h period. In all three locations, α-ZEL was the predominant ZEN metabolite and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) was detected in lower concentrations. ZEN, α-ZEL and β-ZEL were eliminated from the ventral sac and reticulum within 34 h, yet low concentrations of ZEN and α-ZEL were still detected in the dorsal mat 34 h after ZEN administration. In a second step, we investigated the efficacy of the enzyme zearalenone hydrolase ZenA (EC 3.1.1.-, commercial name ZEN<i>zyme</i><sup>®</sup>, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria) to degrade ZEN to the non-estrogenic metabolite hydrolyzed zearalenone (HZEN) in the reticulorumen in vitro and in vivo. ZenA showed a high ZEN-degrading activity in rumen fluid in vitro. When ZenA was added to ZEN-contaminated concentrate fed to rumen-fistulated cows (<i>n</i> = 4), concentrations of ZEN, α-ZEL and β-ZEL were significantly reduced in all three reticulorumen compartments compared to administration of ZEN-contaminated concentrate without ZenA. Upon ZenA administration, degradation products HZEN and decarboxylated HZEN were detected in the reticulorumen. In conclusion, endogenous metabolization of ZEN in the reticulorumen increases its estrogenic potency due to the formation of α-ZEL. Our results suggest that application of zearalenone hydrolase ZenA as a feed additive may be a promising strategy to counteract estrogenic effects of ZEN in cattle. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:54:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-065777cccd9647e09baa167a558f5e7e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:54:02Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-065777cccd9647e09baa167a558f5e7e2023-12-03T14:22:56ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-01-011328410.3390/toxins13020084Metabolism of Zearalenone in the Rumen of Dairy Cows with and without Application of a Zearalenone-Degrading EnzymeChristiane Gruber-Dorninger0Johannes Faas1Barbara Doupovec2Markus Aleschko3Christian Stoiber4Andreas Höbartner-Gußl5Karin Schöndorfer6Manuela Killinger7Qendrim Zebeli8Dian Schatzmayr9BIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, AustriaBIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, AustriaBIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, AustriaBIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, AustriaBIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, AustriaBIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, AustriaBIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, AustriaBIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, AustriaInstitute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, AustriaBIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, AustriaThe mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a frequent contaminant of animal feed and is well known for its estrogenic effects in animals. Cattle are considered less sensitive to ZEN than pigs. However, ZEN has previously been shown to be converted to the highly estrogenic metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) in rumen fluid in vitro. Here, we investigate the metabolism of ZEN in the reticulorumen of dairy cows. To this end, rumen-fistulated non-lactating Holstein Friesian cows (<i>n</i> = 4) received a one-time oral dose of ZEN (5 mg ZEN in 500 g concentrate feed) and the concentrations of ZEN and ZEN metabolites were measured in free rumen liquid from three reticulorumen locations (reticulum, ventral sac and dorsal mat layer) during a 34-h period. In all three locations, α-ZEL was the predominant ZEN metabolite and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) was detected in lower concentrations. ZEN, α-ZEL and β-ZEL were eliminated from the ventral sac and reticulum within 34 h, yet low concentrations of ZEN and α-ZEL were still detected in the dorsal mat 34 h after ZEN administration. In a second step, we investigated the efficacy of the enzyme zearalenone hydrolase ZenA (EC 3.1.1.-, commercial name ZEN<i>zyme</i><sup>®</sup>, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria) to degrade ZEN to the non-estrogenic metabolite hydrolyzed zearalenone (HZEN) in the reticulorumen in vitro and in vivo. ZenA showed a high ZEN-degrading activity in rumen fluid in vitro. When ZenA was added to ZEN-contaminated concentrate fed to rumen-fistulated cows (<i>n</i> = 4), concentrations of ZEN, α-ZEL and β-ZEL were significantly reduced in all three reticulorumen compartments compared to administration of ZEN-contaminated concentrate without ZenA. Upon ZenA administration, degradation products HZEN and decarboxylated HZEN were detected in the reticulorumen. In conclusion, endogenous metabolization of ZEN in the reticulorumen increases its estrogenic potency due to the formation of α-ZEL. Our results suggest that application of zearalenone hydrolase ZenA as a feed additive may be a promising strategy to counteract estrogenic effects of ZEN in cattle.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/2/84mycotoxinzearalenonerumenmetabolismdegradationhydrolase |
| spellingShingle | Christiane Gruber-Dorninger Johannes Faas Barbara Doupovec Markus Aleschko Christian Stoiber Andreas Höbartner-Gußl Karin Schöndorfer Manuela Killinger Qendrim Zebeli Dian Schatzmayr Metabolism of Zearalenone in the Rumen of Dairy Cows with and without Application of a Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme Toxins mycotoxin zearalenone rumen metabolism degradation hydrolase |
| title | Metabolism of Zearalenone in the Rumen of Dairy Cows with and without Application of a Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme |
| title_full | Metabolism of Zearalenone in the Rumen of Dairy Cows with and without Application of a Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme |
| title_fullStr | Metabolism of Zearalenone in the Rumen of Dairy Cows with and without Application of a Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metabolism of Zearalenone in the Rumen of Dairy Cows with and without Application of a Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme |
| title_short | Metabolism of Zearalenone in the Rumen of Dairy Cows with and without Application of a Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme |
| title_sort | metabolism of zearalenone in the rumen of dairy cows with and without application of a zearalenone degrading enzyme |
| topic | mycotoxin zearalenone rumen metabolism degradation hydrolase |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/2/84 |
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