Estimation of the historical dry deposition of air pollution indoors to the monumental paintings by Edvard Munch in the University Aula, in Oslo, Norway
Abstract The historical (1835–2020) deposition of major air pollutants (SO2, NOx, O3 and PM2.5) indoors, as represented by the monumental Edvard Munch paintings (c. 220 m2) installed in 1916 in the Oslo University Aula in Norway, were approximated from the outdoor air concentrations, indoor to outdo...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Heritage Science |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00673-x |
| _version_ | 1818774280313241600 |
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| author | Terje Grøntoft Tine Frøysaker |
| author_facet | Terje Grøntoft Tine Frøysaker |
| author_sort | Terje Grøntoft |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The historical (1835–2020) deposition of major air pollutants (SO2, NOx, O3 and PM2.5) indoors, as represented by the monumental Edvard Munch paintings (c. 220 m2) installed in 1916 in the Oslo University Aula in Norway, were approximated from the outdoor air concentrations, indoor to outdoor concentration ratios and dry deposition velocities. The annual deposition of the pollutants to the paintings was found to have been 4–25 times lower than has been reported to buildings outdoors in the urban background in the centre of Oslo. It reflected the outdoor deposition but varied less, from 0.3 to 1.2 g m−2 a−1. The accumulated deposition since 1916, and then not considering the regularly performed cleaning of the paintings, was found to have been 43 ± 13 g m−2, and 110 ± 40 g m−2 in a similar situation since 1835. The ozone deposition, and the PM2.5 deposition before the 1960s, were a relatively larger part of the accumulated total indoor (to the paintings) than reported outdoor deposition. About 18 and 33 times more O3 than NOx and PM2.5 deposition was estimated to the paintings in 2020, as compared to the about similar reported outdoor dry deposition of O3 and NOx. The deposition of PM2.5 to the paintings was probably reduced with about 62% (50–80%) after installation of mechanical filtration in 1975 and was estimated to be 0.011 (± 0.006) g m−2 in 2020. Graphical Abstract |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-18T10:38:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0685268973ab425b95abcd38b0d41ba8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2050-7445 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-18T10:38:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heritage Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-0685268973ab425b95abcd38b0d41ba82022-12-21T21:10:42ZengSpringerOpenHeritage Science2050-74452022-04-0110111610.1186/s40494-022-00673-xEstimation of the historical dry deposition of air pollution indoors to the monumental paintings by Edvard Munch in the University Aula, in Oslo, NorwayTerje Grøntoft0Tine Frøysaker1NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air ResearchConservation Studies, Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History (IAKH), University of OsloAbstract The historical (1835–2020) deposition of major air pollutants (SO2, NOx, O3 and PM2.5) indoors, as represented by the monumental Edvard Munch paintings (c. 220 m2) installed in 1916 in the Oslo University Aula in Norway, were approximated from the outdoor air concentrations, indoor to outdoor concentration ratios and dry deposition velocities. The annual deposition of the pollutants to the paintings was found to have been 4–25 times lower than has been reported to buildings outdoors in the urban background in the centre of Oslo. It reflected the outdoor deposition but varied less, from 0.3 to 1.2 g m−2 a−1. The accumulated deposition since 1916, and then not considering the regularly performed cleaning of the paintings, was found to have been 43 ± 13 g m−2, and 110 ± 40 g m−2 in a similar situation since 1835. The ozone deposition, and the PM2.5 deposition before the 1960s, were a relatively larger part of the accumulated total indoor (to the paintings) than reported outdoor deposition. About 18 and 33 times more O3 than NOx and PM2.5 deposition was estimated to the paintings in 2020, as compared to the about similar reported outdoor dry deposition of O3 and NOx. The deposition of PM2.5 to the paintings was probably reduced with about 62% (50–80%) after installation of mechanical filtration in 1975 and was estimated to be 0.011 (± 0.006) g m−2 in 2020. Graphical Abstracthttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00673-xUrban air pollutionHistorical indoor dry depositionSoiling, indoor environmentOslo University AulaEdvard Munch monumental paintings. |
| spellingShingle | Terje Grøntoft Tine Frøysaker Estimation of the historical dry deposition of air pollution indoors to the monumental paintings by Edvard Munch in the University Aula, in Oslo, Norway Heritage Science Urban air pollution Historical indoor dry deposition Soiling, indoor environment Oslo University Aula Edvard Munch monumental paintings. |
| title | Estimation of the historical dry deposition of air pollution indoors to the monumental paintings by Edvard Munch in the University Aula, in Oslo, Norway |
| title_full | Estimation of the historical dry deposition of air pollution indoors to the monumental paintings by Edvard Munch in the University Aula, in Oslo, Norway |
| title_fullStr | Estimation of the historical dry deposition of air pollution indoors to the monumental paintings by Edvard Munch in the University Aula, in Oslo, Norway |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estimation of the historical dry deposition of air pollution indoors to the monumental paintings by Edvard Munch in the University Aula, in Oslo, Norway |
| title_short | Estimation of the historical dry deposition of air pollution indoors to the monumental paintings by Edvard Munch in the University Aula, in Oslo, Norway |
| title_sort | estimation of the historical dry deposition of air pollution indoors to the monumental paintings by edvard munch in the university aula in oslo norway |
| topic | Urban air pollution Historical indoor dry deposition Soiling, indoor environment Oslo University Aula Edvard Munch monumental paintings. |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00673-x |
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