Characterizing a Year-Round Particulate Matter Concentration and Variation under Different Environmental Controls in a Naturally Ventilated Dairy Barn
A mixing fan and spraying system is commonly used to control the indoor environment of naturally ventilated dairy barns worldwide. However, its impact on particulate matter (PM) concentration and variation is still unclear due to the lack of year-round field data. To systematically characterize the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/4/902 |
| _version_ | 1797606752538066944 |
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| author | Yujian Lu Xiao Yang Lei E Zhiwei Fang Yongzhen Li Chao Liang Zhengxiang Shi Chaoyuan Wang |
| author_facet | Yujian Lu Xiao Yang Lei E Zhiwei Fang Yongzhen Li Chao Liang Zhengxiang Shi Chaoyuan Wang |
| author_sort | Yujian Lu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A mixing fan and spraying system is commonly used to control the indoor environment of naturally ventilated dairy barns worldwide. However, its impact on particulate matter (PM) concentration and variation is still unclear due to the lack of year-round field data. To systematically characterize the PM dynamics under different environmental controls (namely, EC1: No Fans and No Spraying; EC2: Fans; EC3: Fans and Spraying), a year-round continuous monitoring of PM less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and total suspended particle (TSP) concentrations, as well as indoor environmental factors, was carried out inside a naturally ventilated dairy barn using an IoT-based sensor monitoring network. Results showed that the hourly mean TSP and PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations were 94.7 μg m<sup>−3</sup> and 49.8 μg m<sup>−3</sup>, respectively. EC2 had a higher TSP content (116.6 μg m<sup>−3</sup>) than EC1 (98.0 μg m<sup>−3</sup>) and EC3 (81.9 μg m<sup>−3</sup>). EC1 had the greatest PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration (57.1 μg m<sup>−3</sup>), followed by EC2 (48.3 μg m<sup>−3</sup>) and EC3 (44.7 μg m<sup>−3</sup>). EC1 showed clear TSP and PM<sub>2.5</sub> fluctuations during the daily operations at 07:00 to 08:00 and 18:00 to 19:00, while irregular peaks in EC2 and a relatively steady diurnal variation in EC3 were found. Daily Tsp concentrations in the three ECs did not exceed 300 μg m<sup>−3</sup>. However, 17.8%, 11.5%, and 4.8% of the observed days in EC1, EC2, and EC3 had daily mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations above the healthy threshold (75 μg m<sup>−3</sup>), mostly from 07:00 to 08:00 and 22:00–07:00. In conclusion, the mixing fan and spraying system had significant effects on PM concentration and variation, and more protection procedures should be taken for farm workers to prevent long-term health risk exposure, to EC1 in particular. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:19:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-06d5e386ec944d608d1d9290c8ff00fd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:19:31Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-06d5e386ec944d608d1d9290c8ff00fd2023-11-17T17:55:07ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722023-04-0113490210.3390/agriculture13040902Characterizing a Year-Round Particulate Matter Concentration and Variation under Different Environmental Controls in a Naturally Ventilated Dairy BarnYujian Lu0Xiao Yang1Lei E2Zhiwei Fang3Yongzhen Li4Chao Liang5Zhengxiang Shi6Chaoyuan Wang7Department of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaA mixing fan and spraying system is commonly used to control the indoor environment of naturally ventilated dairy barns worldwide. However, its impact on particulate matter (PM) concentration and variation is still unclear due to the lack of year-round field data. To systematically characterize the PM dynamics under different environmental controls (namely, EC1: No Fans and No Spraying; EC2: Fans; EC3: Fans and Spraying), a year-round continuous monitoring of PM less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and total suspended particle (TSP) concentrations, as well as indoor environmental factors, was carried out inside a naturally ventilated dairy barn using an IoT-based sensor monitoring network. Results showed that the hourly mean TSP and PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations were 94.7 μg m<sup>−3</sup> and 49.8 μg m<sup>−3</sup>, respectively. EC2 had a higher TSP content (116.6 μg m<sup>−3</sup>) than EC1 (98.0 μg m<sup>−3</sup>) and EC3 (81.9 μg m<sup>−3</sup>). EC1 had the greatest PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration (57.1 μg m<sup>−3</sup>), followed by EC2 (48.3 μg m<sup>−3</sup>) and EC3 (44.7 μg m<sup>−3</sup>). EC1 showed clear TSP and PM<sub>2.5</sub> fluctuations during the daily operations at 07:00 to 08:00 and 18:00 to 19:00, while irregular peaks in EC2 and a relatively steady diurnal variation in EC3 were found. Daily Tsp concentrations in the three ECs did not exceed 300 μg m<sup>−3</sup>. However, 17.8%, 11.5%, and 4.8% of the observed days in EC1, EC2, and EC3 had daily mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations above the healthy threshold (75 μg m<sup>−3</sup>), mostly from 07:00 to 08:00 and 22:00–07:00. In conclusion, the mixing fan and spraying system had significant effects on PM concentration and variation, and more protection procedures should be taken for farm workers to prevent long-term health risk exposure, to EC1 in particular.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/4/902environmental controlIoTmixing fansparticulate matterspraying system |
| spellingShingle | Yujian Lu Xiao Yang Lei E Zhiwei Fang Yongzhen Li Chao Liang Zhengxiang Shi Chaoyuan Wang Characterizing a Year-Round Particulate Matter Concentration and Variation under Different Environmental Controls in a Naturally Ventilated Dairy Barn Agriculture environmental control IoT mixing fans particulate matter spraying system |
| title | Characterizing a Year-Round Particulate Matter Concentration and Variation under Different Environmental Controls in a Naturally Ventilated Dairy Barn |
| title_full | Characterizing a Year-Round Particulate Matter Concentration and Variation under Different Environmental Controls in a Naturally Ventilated Dairy Barn |
| title_fullStr | Characterizing a Year-Round Particulate Matter Concentration and Variation under Different Environmental Controls in a Naturally Ventilated Dairy Barn |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterizing a Year-Round Particulate Matter Concentration and Variation under Different Environmental Controls in a Naturally Ventilated Dairy Barn |
| title_short | Characterizing a Year-Round Particulate Matter Concentration and Variation under Different Environmental Controls in a Naturally Ventilated Dairy Barn |
| title_sort | characterizing a year round particulate matter concentration and variation under different environmental controls in a naturally ventilated dairy barn |
| topic | environmental control IoT mixing fans particulate matter spraying system |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/4/902 |
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