Genetic mechanisms and age-related macular degeneration: common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, and mitochondrial genetics
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifaceted disease involving contributions from both genetic and environmental influences. Previous work exploring the genetic contributions of AMD has implicated numerous genomic regions and a variety of...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2012-08-01
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| Series: | Human Genomics |
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| Online Access: | http://www.humgenomics.com/content/6/1/13 |
| _version_ | 1818040057121996800 |
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| author | Liu Melissa M Chan Chi-Chao Tuo Jingsheng |
| author_facet | Liu Melissa M Chan Chi-Chao Tuo Jingsheng |
| author_sort | Liu Melissa M |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifaceted disease involving contributions from both genetic and environmental influences. Previous work exploring the genetic contributions of AMD has implicated numerous genomic regions and a variety of candidate genes as modulators of AMD susceptibility. Nevertheless, much of this work has revolved around single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and it is apparent that a significant portion of the heritability of AMD cannot be explained through these mechanisms. In this review, we consider the role of common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, microRNAs, and mitochondrial genetics in AMD. Copy number variations in regulators of complement activation genes (<it>CFHR1</it> and <it>CFHR3</it>) and glutathione S transferase genes (<it>GSTM1</it> and <it>GSTT1</it>) have been associated with AMD, and several additional loci have been identified as regions of potential interest but require further evaluation. MicroRNA dysregulation has been linked to the retinal pigment epithelium degeneration in geographic atrophy, ocular neovascularization, and oxidative stress, all of which are hallmarks in the pathogenesis of AMD. Certain mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and SNPs in mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase genes have also been associated with AMD. The role of these additional mechanisms remains only partly understood, but the importance of their further investigation is clear to elucidate more completely the genetic basis of AMD.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T08:08:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0713521fcd7d4471bc1f0a041612bee8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1479-7364 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T08:08:28Z |
| publishDate | 2012-08-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Human Genomics |
| spelling | doaj.art-0713521fcd7d4471bc1f0a041612bee82022-12-22T01:56:37ZengBMCHuman Genomics1479-73642012-08-01611310.1186/1479-7364-6-13Genetic mechanisms and age-related macular degeneration: common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, and mitochondrial geneticsLiu Melissa MChan Chi-ChaoTuo Jingsheng<p>Abstract</p> <p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifaceted disease involving contributions from both genetic and environmental influences. Previous work exploring the genetic contributions of AMD has implicated numerous genomic regions and a variety of candidate genes as modulators of AMD susceptibility. Nevertheless, much of this work has revolved around single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and it is apparent that a significant portion of the heritability of AMD cannot be explained through these mechanisms. In this review, we consider the role of common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, microRNAs, and mitochondrial genetics in AMD. Copy number variations in regulators of complement activation genes (<it>CFHR1</it> and <it>CFHR3</it>) and glutathione S transferase genes (<it>GSTM1</it> and <it>GSTT1</it>) have been associated with AMD, and several additional loci have been identified as regions of potential interest but require further evaluation. MicroRNA dysregulation has been linked to the retinal pigment epithelium degeneration in geographic atrophy, ocular neovascularization, and oxidative stress, all of which are hallmarks in the pathogenesis of AMD. Certain mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and SNPs in mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase genes have also been associated with AMD. The role of these additional mechanisms remains only partly understood, but the importance of their further investigation is clear to elucidate more completely the genetic basis of AMD.</p>http://www.humgenomics.com/content/6/1/13Age-related macular degenerationCopy number variationGeneticsEpigeneticsMitochondria |
| spellingShingle | Liu Melissa M Chan Chi-Chao Tuo Jingsheng Genetic mechanisms and age-related macular degeneration: common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, and mitochondrial genetics Human Genomics Age-related macular degeneration Copy number variation Genetics Epigenetics Mitochondria |
| title | Genetic mechanisms and age-related macular degeneration: common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, and mitochondrial genetics |
| title_full | Genetic mechanisms and age-related macular degeneration: common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, and mitochondrial genetics |
| title_fullStr | Genetic mechanisms and age-related macular degeneration: common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, and mitochondrial genetics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetic mechanisms and age-related macular degeneration: common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, and mitochondrial genetics |
| title_short | Genetic mechanisms and age-related macular degeneration: common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, and mitochondrial genetics |
| title_sort | genetic mechanisms and age related macular degeneration common variants rare variants copy number variations epigenetics and mitochondrial genetics |
| topic | Age-related macular degeneration Copy number variation Genetics Epigenetics Mitochondria |
| url | http://www.humgenomics.com/content/6/1/13 |
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