A Review of Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Glycated Hemoglobin
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the gold standard for measuring glucose levels in the diagnosis of diabetes due to the excellent stability and reliability of this biomarker. HbA1c is a stable glycated protein formed by the reaction of glucose with hemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells, which reflects av...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Biosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/12/4/221 |
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| author | Zhikun Zhan Yang Li Yuliang Zhao Hongyu Zhang Zhen Wang Boya Fu Wen Jung Li |
| author_facet | Zhikun Zhan Yang Li Yuliang Zhao Hongyu Zhang Zhen Wang Boya Fu Wen Jung Li |
| author_sort | Zhikun Zhan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the gold standard for measuring glucose levels in the diagnosis of diabetes due to the excellent stability and reliability of this biomarker. HbA1c is a stable glycated protein formed by the reaction of glucose with hemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells, which reflects average glucose levels over a period of two to three months without suffering from the disturbance of the outside environment. A number of simple, high-efficiency, and sensitive electrochemical sensors have been developed for the detection of HbA1c. This review aims to highlight current methods and trends in electrochemistry for HbA1c monitoring. The target analytes of electrochemical HbA1c sensors are usually HbA1c or fructosyl valine/fructosyl valine histidine (FV/FVH, the hydrolyzed product of HbA1c). When HbA1c is the target analyte, a sensor works to selectively bind to specific HbA1c regions and then determines the concentration of HbA1c through the quantitative transformation of weak electrical signals such as current, potential, and impedance. When FV/FVH is the target analyte, a sensor is used to indirectly determine HbA1c by detecting FV/FVH when it is hydrolyzed by fructosyl amino acid oxidase (FAO), fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX), or a molecularly imprinted catalyst (MIC). Then, a current proportional to the concentration of HbA1c can be produced. In this paper, we review a variety of representative electrochemical HbA1c sensors developed in recent years and elaborate on their operational principles, performance, and promising future clinical applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:04:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-07162614a5f94dee9fb21a27a78364c2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:04:47Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-07162614a5f94dee9fb21a27a78364c22023-12-01T00:58:06ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742022-04-0112422110.3390/bios12040221A Review of Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Glycated HemoglobinZhikun Zhan0Yang Li1Yuliang Zhao2Hongyu Zhang3Zhen Wang4Boya Fu5Wen Jung Li6School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, ChinaKey Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, ChinaSchool of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, ChinaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, ChinaKey Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, ChinaKey Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, ChinaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, ChinaGlycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the gold standard for measuring glucose levels in the diagnosis of diabetes due to the excellent stability and reliability of this biomarker. HbA1c is a stable glycated protein formed by the reaction of glucose with hemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells, which reflects average glucose levels over a period of two to three months without suffering from the disturbance of the outside environment. A number of simple, high-efficiency, and sensitive electrochemical sensors have been developed for the detection of HbA1c. This review aims to highlight current methods and trends in electrochemistry for HbA1c monitoring. The target analytes of electrochemical HbA1c sensors are usually HbA1c or fructosyl valine/fructosyl valine histidine (FV/FVH, the hydrolyzed product of HbA1c). When HbA1c is the target analyte, a sensor works to selectively bind to specific HbA1c regions and then determines the concentration of HbA1c through the quantitative transformation of weak electrical signals such as current, potential, and impedance. When FV/FVH is the target analyte, a sensor is used to indirectly determine HbA1c by detecting FV/FVH when it is hydrolyzed by fructosyl amino acid oxidase (FAO), fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX), or a molecularly imprinted catalyst (MIC). Then, a current proportional to the concentration of HbA1c can be produced. In this paper, we review a variety of representative electrochemical HbA1c sensors developed in recent years and elaborate on their operational principles, performance, and promising future clinical applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/12/4/221electrochemical sensorHbA1c sensorfructosyl valine sensordiabetescyclic voltammetryelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy |
| spellingShingle | Zhikun Zhan Yang Li Yuliang Zhao Hongyu Zhang Zhen Wang Boya Fu Wen Jung Li A Review of Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Glycated Hemoglobin Biosensors electrochemical sensor HbA1c sensor fructosyl valine sensor diabetes cyclic voltammetry electrochemical impedance spectroscopy |
| title | A Review of Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Glycated Hemoglobin |
| title_full | A Review of Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Glycated Hemoglobin |
| title_fullStr | A Review of Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Glycated Hemoglobin |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review of Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Glycated Hemoglobin |
| title_short | A Review of Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Glycated Hemoglobin |
| title_sort | review of electrochemical sensors for the detection of glycated hemoglobin |
| topic | electrochemical sensor HbA1c sensor fructosyl valine sensor diabetes cyclic voltammetry electrochemical impedance spectroscopy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/12/4/221 |
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