Intertwined and Finely Balanced: Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, Dynamics, Function, and Diseases
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that is responsible for many essential subcellular processes. Interconnected narrow tubules at the periphery and thicker sheet-like regions in the perinuclear region are linked to the nuclear envelope. It is becoming apparent that the complex morphology...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/9/2341 |
| _version_ | 1797519874314993664 |
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| author | Hannah T. Perkins Viki Allan |
| author_facet | Hannah T. Perkins Viki Allan |
| author_sort | Hannah T. Perkins |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that is responsible for many essential subcellular processes. Interconnected narrow tubules at the periphery and thicker sheet-like regions in the perinuclear region are linked to the nuclear envelope. It is becoming apparent that the complex morphology and dynamics of the ER are linked to its function. Mutations in the proteins involved in regulating ER structure and movement are implicated in many diseases including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The ER is also hijacked by pathogens to promote their replication. Bacteria such as <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> and <i>Chlamydia trachomatis,</i> as well as the Zika virus, bind to ER morphology and dynamics-regulating proteins to exploit the functions of the ER to their advantage. This review covers our understanding of ER morphology, including the functional subdomains and membrane contact sites that the organelle forms. We also focus on ER dynamics and the current efforts to quantify ER motion and discuss the diseases related to ER morphology and dynamics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:48:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-072434300cd54bdd9b5d5a01b4d6d6a0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:48:58Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-072434300cd54bdd9b5d5a01b4d6d6a02023-11-22T12:24:34ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092021-09-01109234110.3390/cells10092341Intertwined and Finely Balanced: Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, Dynamics, Function, and DiseasesHannah T. Perkins0Viki Allan1Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UKDivision of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UKThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that is responsible for many essential subcellular processes. Interconnected narrow tubules at the periphery and thicker sheet-like regions in the perinuclear region are linked to the nuclear envelope. It is becoming apparent that the complex morphology and dynamics of the ER are linked to its function. Mutations in the proteins involved in regulating ER structure and movement are implicated in many diseases including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The ER is also hijacked by pathogens to promote their replication. Bacteria such as <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> and <i>Chlamydia trachomatis,</i> as well as the Zika virus, bind to ER morphology and dynamics-regulating proteins to exploit the functions of the ER to their advantage. This review covers our understanding of ER morphology, including the functional subdomains and membrane contact sites that the organelle forms. We also focus on ER dynamics and the current efforts to quantify ER motion and discuss the diseases related to ER morphology and dynamics.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/9/2341endoplasmic reticulum (ER)morphologydynamicsanomalous diffusionmembrane contact site (MCS)dynein |
| spellingShingle | Hannah T. Perkins Viki Allan Intertwined and Finely Balanced: Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, Dynamics, Function, and Diseases Cells endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphology dynamics anomalous diffusion membrane contact site (MCS) dynein |
| title | Intertwined and Finely Balanced: Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, Dynamics, Function, and Diseases |
| title_full | Intertwined and Finely Balanced: Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, Dynamics, Function, and Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Intertwined and Finely Balanced: Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, Dynamics, Function, and Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intertwined and Finely Balanced: Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, Dynamics, Function, and Diseases |
| title_short | Intertwined and Finely Balanced: Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, Dynamics, Function, and Diseases |
| title_sort | intertwined and finely balanced endoplasmic reticulum morphology dynamics function and diseases |
| topic | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphology dynamics anomalous diffusion membrane contact site (MCS) dynein |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/9/2341 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hannahtperkins intertwinedandfinelybalancedendoplasmicreticulummorphologydynamicsfunctionanddiseases AT vikiallan intertwinedandfinelybalancedendoplasmicreticulummorphologydynamicsfunctionanddiseases |