A Non-Invasive Hydration Monitoring Technique Using Microwave Transmission and Data-Driven Approaches
Dehydration in the human body arises due to inadequate replenishment of fluids. An appropriate level of hydration is essential for optimal functioning of the human body, and complications ranging from mild discomfort to, in severe cases, death, could result from a neglected imbalance in fluid levels...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2536 |
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| author | Deepesh Agarwal Philip Randall Zachary White Bayleigh Bisnette Jenalee Dickson Cross Allen Faraz Chamani Punit Prakash Carl Ade Balasubramaniam Natarajan |
| author_facet | Deepesh Agarwal Philip Randall Zachary White Bayleigh Bisnette Jenalee Dickson Cross Allen Faraz Chamani Punit Prakash Carl Ade Balasubramaniam Natarajan |
| author_sort | Deepesh Agarwal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dehydration in the human body arises due to inadequate replenishment of fluids. An appropriate level of hydration is essential for optimal functioning of the human body, and complications ranging from mild discomfort to, in severe cases, death, could result from a neglected imbalance in fluid levels. Regular and accurate monitoring of hydration status can provide meaningful information for people operating in stressful environmental conditions, such as athletes, military professionals and the elderly. In this study, we propose a non-invasive hydration monitoring technique employing non-ionizing electromagnetic power in the microwave band to estimate the changes in the water content of the whole body. Specifically, we investigate changes in the attenuation coefficient in the frequency range 2–3.5 GHz between a pair of planar antennas positioned across a participant’s arm during various states of hydration. Twenty healthy young adults (10M, 10F) underwent controlled hypohydration and euhydration control bouts. The attenuation coefficient was compared among trials and used to predict changes in body mass. Volunteers lost <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1.50</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.44</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.49</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.54</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> body mass during hypohydration and euhydration, respectively. The microwave transmission-based attenuation coefficient (2–3.5 GHz) was accurate in predicting changes in hydration status. The corresponding regression analysis demonstrates that building separate estimation models for dehydration and rehydration phases offer better predictive performance (88%) relative to a common model for both the phases (76%). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:26:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-07342715f05f448699869e05b944552f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:26:11Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-07342715f05f448699869e05b944552f2023-12-01T00:00:19ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-03-01227253610.3390/s22072536A Non-Invasive Hydration Monitoring Technique Using Microwave Transmission and Data-Driven ApproachesDeepesh Agarwal0Philip Randall1Zachary White2Bayleigh Bisnette3Jenalee Dickson4Cross Allen5Faraz Chamani6Punit Prakash7Carl Ade8Balasubramaniam Natarajan9Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USADepartment of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USADepartment of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USADehydration in the human body arises due to inadequate replenishment of fluids. An appropriate level of hydration is essential for optimal functioning of the human body, and complications ranging from mild discomfort to, in severe cases, death, could result from a neglected imbalance in fluid levels. Regular and accurate monitoring of hydration status can provide meaningful information for people operating in stressful environmental conditions, such as athletes, military professionals and the elderly. In this study, we propose a non-invasive hydration monitoring technique employing non-ionizing electromagnetic power in the microwave band to estimate the changes in the water content of the whole body. Specifically, we investigate changes in the attenuation coefficient in the frequency range 2–3.5 GHz between a pair of planar antennas positioned across a participant’s arm during various states of hydration. Twenty healthy young adults (10M, 10F) underwent controlled hypohydration and euhydration control bouts. The attenuation coefficient was compared among trials and used to predict changes in body mass. Volunteers lost <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1.50</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.44</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.49</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.54</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> body mass during hypohydration and euhydration, respectively. The microwave transmission-based attenuation coefficient (2–3.5 GHz) was accurate in predicting changes in hydration status. The corresponding regression analysis demonstrates that building separate estimation models for dehydration and rehydration phases offer better predictive performance (88%) relative to a common model for both the phases (76%).https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2536hydration monitoringnon-invasivemicrowave transmissionregression analysishypohydration and euhydration |
| spellingShingle | Deepesh Agarwal Philip Randall Zachary White Bayleigh Bisnette Jenalee Dickson Cross Allen Faraz Chamani Punit Prakash Carl Ade Balasubramaniam Natarajan A Non-Invasive Hydration Monitoring Technique Using Microwave Transmission and Data-Driven Approaches Sensors hydration monitoring non-invasive microwave transmission regression analysis hypohydration and euhydration |
| title | A Non-Invasive Hydration Monitoring Technique Using Microwave Transmission and Data-Driven Approaches |
| title_full | A Non-Invasive Hydration Monitoring Technique Using Microwave Transmission and Data-Driven Approaches |
| title_fullStr | A Non-Invasive Hydration Monitoring Technique Using Microwave Transmission and Data-Driven Approaches |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Non-Invasive Hydration Monitoring Technique Using Microwave Transmission and Data-Driven Approaches |
| title_short | A Non-Invasive Hydration Monitoring Technique Using Microwave Transmission and Data-Driven Approaches |
| title_sort | non invasive hydration monitoring technique using microwave transmission and data driven approaches |
| topic | hydration monitoring non-invasive microwave transmission regression analysis hypohydration and euhydration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2536 |
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