Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity
The main roles of placentas include physical protection, nutrient and oxygen import, export of gasses and fetal waste products, and endocrinological regulation. In addition to physical protection of the fetus, the placentas must provide immune protection throughout gestation. These basic functions a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/15/2458 |
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| author | Kazuhiko Imakawa Kazuya Kusama Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino So Nakagawa Koichi Kitao Takayuki Miyazawa Fumitoshi Ishino |
| author_facet | Kazuhiko Imakawa Kazuya Kusama Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino So Nakagawa Koichi Kitao Takayuki Miyazawa Fumitoshi Ishino |
| author_sort | Kazuhiko Imakawa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The main roles of placentas include physical protection, nutrient and oxygen import, export of gasses and fetal waste products, and endocrinological regulation. In addition to physical protection of the fetus, the placentas must provide immune protection throughout gestation. These basic functions are well-conserved; however, placentas are undoubtedly recent evolving organs with structural and cellular diversities. These differences have been explained for the last two decades through co-opting genes and gene control elements derived from transposable elements, including endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). However, the differences in placental structures have not been explained or characterized. This manuscript addresses the sorting of ERVs and their integration into the mammalian genomes and provides new ways to explain why placental structures have diverged. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:29:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0755f3e49c8e44d9ac11491cfbf77c77 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:29:53Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-0755f3e49c8e44d9ac11491cfbf77c772023-12-03T12:32:55ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092022-08-011115245810.3390/cells11152458Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and DiversityKazuhiko Imakawa0Kazuya Kusama1Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino2So Nakagawa3Koichi Kitao4Takayuki Miyazawa5Fumitoshi Ishino6Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 862-8652, JapanDepartment of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, JapanSchool of Medicine, Tokai University, Tokyo 259-1193, JapanDepartment of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Nakagawa 259-1193, JapanLaboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, JapanLaboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, JapanInstitute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, JapanThe main roles of placentas include physical protection, nutrient and oxygen import, export of gasses and fetal waste products, and endocrinological regulation. In addition to physical protection of the fetus, the placentas must provide immune protection throughout gestation. These basic functions are well-conserved; however, placentas are undoubtedly recent evolving organs with structural and cellular diversities. These differences have been explained for the last two decades through co-opting genes and gene control elements derived from transposable elements, including endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). However, the differences in placental structures have not been explained or characterized. This manuscript addresses the sorting of ERVs and their integration into the mammalian genomes and provides new ways to explain why placental structures have diverged.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/15/2458placentastructural diversityendogenous retrovirus (<i>ERV</i>)mammals |
| spellingShingle | Kazuhiko Imakawa Kazuya Kusama Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino So Nakagawa Koichi Kitao Takayuki Miyazawa Fumitoshi Ishino Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity Cells placenta structural diversity endogenous retrovirus (<i>ERV</i>) mammals |
| title | Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity |
| title_full | Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity |
| title_fullStr | Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity |
| title_short | Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity |
| title_sort | endogenous retroviruses and placental evolution development and diversity |
| topic | placenta structural diversity endogenous retrovirus (<i>ERV</i>) mammals |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/15/2458 |
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