Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity

The main roles of placentas include physical protection, nutrient and oxygen import, export of gasses and fetal waste products, and endocrinological regulation. In addition to physical protection of the fetus, the placentas must provide immune protection throughout gestation. These basic functions a...

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Main Authors: Kazuhiko Imakawa, Kazuya Kusama, Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino, So Nakagawa, Koichi Kitao, Takayuki Miyazawa, Fumitoshi Ishino
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2022-08-01
Series:Cells
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/15/2458
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author Kazuhiko Imakawa
Kazuya Kusama
Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino
So Nakagawa
Koichi Kitao
Takayuki Miyazawa
Fumitoshi Ishino
author_facet Kazuhiko Imakawa
Kazuya Kusama
Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino
So Nakagawa
Koichi Kitao
Takayuki Miyazawa
Fumitoshi Ishino
author_sort Kazuhiko Imakawa
collection DOAJ
description The main roles of placentas include physical protection, nutrient and oxygen import, export of gasses and fetal waste products, and endocrinological regulation. In addition to physical protection of the fetus, the placentas must provide immune protection throughout gestation. These basic functions are well-conserved; however, placentas are undoubtedly recent evolving organs with structural and cellular diversities. These differences have been explained for the last two decades through co-opting genes and gene control elements derived from transposable elements, including endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). However, the differences in placental structures have not been explained or characterized. This manuscript addresses the sorting of ERVs and their integration into the mammalian genomes and provides new ways to explain why placental structures have diverged.
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spelling doaj.art-0755f3e49c8e44d9ac11491cfbf77c772023-12-03T12:32:55ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092022-08-011115245810.3390/cells11152458Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and DiversityKazuhiko Imakawa0Kazuya Kusama1Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino2So Nakagawa3Koichi Kitao4Takayuki Miyazawa5Fumitoshi Ishino6Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 862-8652, JapanDepartment of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, JapanSchool of Medicine, Tokai University, Tokyo 259-1193, JapanDepartment of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Nakagawa 259-1193, JapanLaboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, JapanLaboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, JapanInstitute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, JapanThe main roles of placentas include physical protection, nutrient and oxygen import, export of gasses and fetal waste products, and endocrinological regulation. In addition to physical protection of the fetus, the placentas must provide immune protection throughout gestation. These basic functions are well-conserved; however, placentas are undoubtedly recent evolving organs with structural and cellular diversities. These differences have been explained for the last two decades through co-opting genes and gene control elements derived from transposable elements, including endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). However, the differences in placental structures have not been explained or characterized. This manuscript addresses the sorting of ERVs and their integration into the mammalian genomes and provides new ways to explain why placental structures have diverged.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/15/2458placentastructural diversityendogenous retrovirus (<i>ERV</i>)mammals
spellingShingle Kazuhiko Imakawa
Kazuya Kusama
Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino
So Nakagawa
Koichi Kitao
Takayuki Miyazawa
Fumitoshi Ishino
Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity
Cells
placenta
structural diversity
endogenous retrovirus (<i>ERV</i>)
mammals
title Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity
title_full Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity
title_fullStr Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity
title_full_unstemmed Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity
title_short Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity
title_sort endogenous retroviruses and placental evolution development and diversity
topic placenta
structural diversity
endogenous retrovirus (<i>ERV</i>)
mammals
url https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/15/2458
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