A Compact Modified Two-Arm Rectangular Spiral Implantable Antenna Design for ISM Band Biosensing Applications
This paper presents a new microstrip implantable antenna (MIA) design based on the two-arm rectangular spiral (TARS) element for ISM band (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical 2.4–2.48 GHz) biotelemetric sensing applications. In the antenna design, the radiating element consists of a two-arm rectangu...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4883 |
| _version_ | 1827740083397066752 |
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| author | Mustafa Hikmet Bilgehan Ucar Erdem Uras |
| author_facet | Mustafa Hikmet Bilgehan Ucar Erdem Uras |
| author_sort | Mustafa Hikmet Bilgehan Ucar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents a new microstrip implantable antenna (MIA) design based on the two-arm rectangular spiral (TARS) element for ISM band (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical 2.4–2.48 GHz) biotelemetric sensing applications. In the antenna design, the radiating element consists of a two-arm rectangular spiral placed on a ground-supported dielectric layer with a permittivity of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>ϵ</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 10.2 and a metallic line surrounding this spiral. Considering the practical implementation, in the proposed TARS-MIA, a superstrate of the same material is used to prevent contact between the tissue and the metallic radiator element. The TARS-MIA has a compact size of 10 × 10 × 2.56 mm<sup>3</sup> and is excited by a 50 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>Ω</mo></semantics></math></inline-formula> coaxial feed line. The impedance bandwidth of the TARS-MIA is from 2.39 to 2.51 GHz considering a 50 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>Ω</mo></semantics></math></inline-formula> system, and has a directional radiation pattern with directivity of 3.18 dBi. Numerical analysis of the proposed microstrip antenna design is carried out in an environment with dielectric properties of rat skin (Cole–Cole model <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>ϵ</mi><mi>f</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>ω</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>), <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>ρ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 1050 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) via CST Microwave Studio. The proposed TARS-MIA is fabricated using Rogers 3210 laminate with dielectric permittivity of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>ϵ</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 10.2. The in vitro input reflection coefficient measurements are realized in a rat skin-mimicking liquid reported in the literature. It is observed that the in vitro measurement and simulation results are compatible, except for some inconsistencies due to manufacturing and material tolerances. The novelty of this paper is that the proposed antenna has a unique two-armed square spiral geometry along with a compact size. Moreover, an important contribution of the paper is the consideration of the radiation performance of the proposed antenna design in a realistic homogeneous 3D rat model. Ultimately, the proposed TARS-MIA may be a good alternative for ISM-band biosensing operations with its miniature size and acceptable radiation performance compared to its counterparts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:20:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-07906939f6ea4adf94a046ca10e635ed |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:20:03Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-07906939f6ea4adf94a046ca10e635ed2023-11-18T03:14:02ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-05-012310488310.3390/s23104883A Compact Modified Two-Arm Rectangular Spiral Implantable Antenna Design for ISM Band Biosensing ApplicationsMustafa Hikmet Bilgehan Ucar0Erdem Uras1Information Systems Engineering Department, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, TurkeyTurkish Airlines Technic Inc., Turkish Airlines, Istanbul 34912, TurkeyThis paper presents a new microstrip implantable antenna (MIA) design based on the two-arm rectangular spiral (TARS) element for ISM band (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical 2.4–2.48 GHz) biotelemetric sensing applications. In the antenna design, the radiating element consists of a two-arm rectangular spiral placed on a ground-supported dielectric layer with a permittivity of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>ϵ</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 10.2 and a metallic line surrounding this spiral. Considering the practical implementation, in the proposed TARS-MIA, a superstrate of the same material is used to prevent contact between the tissue and the metallic radiator element. The TARS-MIA has a compact size of 10 × 10 × 2.56 mm<sup>3</sup> and is excited by a 50 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>Ω</mo></semantics></math></inline-formula> coaxial feed line. The impedance bandwidth of the TARS-MIA is from 2.39 to 2.51 GHz considering a 50 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>Ω</mo></semantics></math></inline-formula> system, and has a directional radiation pattern with directivity of 3.18 dBi. Numerical analysis of the proposed microstrip antenna design is carried out in an environment with dielectric properties of rat skin (Cole–Cole model <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>ϵ</mi><mi>f</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>ω</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>), <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>ρ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 1050 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) via CST Microwave Studio. The proposed TARS-MIA is fabricated using Rogers 3210 laminate with dielectric permittivity of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>ϵ</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 10.2. The in vitro input reflection coefficient measurements are realized in a rat skin-mimicking liquid reported in the literature. It is observed that the in vitro measurement and simulation results are compatible, except for some inconsistencies due to manufacturing and material tolerances. The novelty of this paper is that the proposed antenna has a unique two-armed square spiral geometry along with a compact size. Moreover, an important contribution of the paper is the consideration of the radiation performance of the proposed antenna design in a realistic homogeneous 3D rat model. Ultimately, the proposed TARS-MIA may be a good alternative for ISM-band biosensing operations with its miniature size and acceptable radiation performance compared to its counterparts.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4883biosensingimplantable antennaISM bandmicrostrip antennarat skinrectangular spiral |
| spellingShingle | Mustafa Hikmet Bilgehan Ucar Erdem Uras A Compact Modified Two-Arm Rectangular Spiral Implantable Antenna Design for ISM Band Biosensing Applications Sensors biosensing implantable antenna ISM band microstrip antenna rat skin rectangular spiral |
| title | A Compact Modified Two-Arm Rectangular Spiral Implantable Antenna Design for ISM Band Biosensing Applications |
| title_full | A Compact Modified Two-Arm Rectangular Spiral Implantable Antenna Design for ISM Band Biosensing Applications |
| title_fullStr | A Compact Modified Two-Arm Rectangular Spiral Implantable Antenna Design for ISM Band Biosensing Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Compact Modified Two-Arm Rectangular Spiral Implantable Antenna Design for ISM Band Biosensing Applications |
| title_short | A Compact Modified Two-Arm Rectangular Spiral Implantable Antenna Design for ISM Band Biosensing Applications |
| title_sort | compact modified two arm rectangular spiral implantable antenna design for ism band biosensing applications |
| topic | biosensing implantable antenna ISM band microstrip antenna rat skin rectangular spiral |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4883 |
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