Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines’ Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences
The immune response elicited by the current COVID-19 vaccinations declines with time, especially among the immunocompromised population. Furthermore, the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly the Omicron variant, has raised serious concerns about the efficacy of currently available va...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Medicina |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/3/507 |
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| author | Ali A. Rabaan Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed Hawra Albayat Sara Alwarthan Mashael Alhajri Mustafa A. Najim Bashayer M. AlShehail Wasl Al-Adsani Ali Alghadeer Wesam A. Abduljabbar Nouf Alotaibi Jameela Alsalman Ali H. Gorab Reem S. Almaghrabi Ali A. Zaidan Sahar Aldossary Mohammed Alissa Lamees M. Alburaiky Fatimah Mustafa Alsalim Nanamika Thakur Geetika Verma Manish Dhawan |
| author_facet | Ali A. Rabaan Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed Hawra Albayat Sara Alwarthan Mashael Alhajri Mustafa A. Najim Bashayer M. AlShehail Wasl Al-Adsani Ali Alghadeer Wesam A. Abduljabbar Nouf Alotaibi Jameela Alsalman Ali H. Gorab Reem S. Almaghrabi Ali A. Zaidan Sahar Aldossary Mohammed Alissa Lamees M. Alburaiky Fatimah Mustafa Alsalim Nanamika Thakur Geetika Verma Manish Dhawan |
| author_sort | Ali A. Rabaan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The immune response elicited by the current COVID-19 vaccinations declines with time, especially among the immunocompromised population. Furthermore, the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly the Omicron variant, has raised serious concerns about the efficacy of currently available vaccines in protecting the most vulnerable people. Several studies have reported that vaccinated people get breakthrough infections amid COVID-19 cases. So far, five variants of concern (VOCs) have been reported, resulting in successive waves of infection. These variants have shown a variable amount of resistance towards the neutralising antibodies (nAbs) elicited either through natural infection or the vaccination. The spike (S) protein, membrane (M) protein, and envelope (E) protein on the viral surface envelope and the N-nucleocapsid protein in the core of the ribonucleoprotein are the major structural vaccine target proteins against COVID-19. Among these targets, S Protein has been extensively exploited to generate effective vaccines against COVID-19. Hence, amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2, we have discussed their impact on currently available vaccines. We have also discussed the potential roles of S Protein in the development of novel vaccination approaches to contain the negative consequences of the variants’ emergence and acquisition of mutations in the S Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the implications of SARS-CoV-2’s structural proteins were also discussed in terms of their variable potential to elicit an effective amount of immune response. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:11:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0795aad05f1b4e858216c28f36c767bd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1010-660X 1648-9144 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:11:58Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj.art-0795aad05f1b4e858216c28f36c767bd2023-11-17T12:31:37ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X1648-91442023-03-0159350710.3390/medicina59030507Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines’ Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their ConsequencesAli A. Rabaan0Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed1Hawra Albayat2Sara Alwarthan3Mashael Alhajri4Mustafa A. Najim5Bashayer M. AlShehail6Wasl Al-Adsani7Ali Alghadeer8Wesam A. Abduljabbar9Nouf Alotaibi10Jameela Alsalman11Ali H. Gorab12Reem S. Almaghrabi13Ali A. Zaidan14Sahar Aldossary15Mohammed Alissa16Lamees M. Alburaiky17Fatimah Mustafa Alsalim18Nanamika Thakur19Geetika Verma20Manish Dhawan21Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi ArabiaSpecialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi ArabiaInfectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 41411, Saudi ArabiaPharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kuwait City 63537, KuwaitDepartment of Anesthesia, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah 21134, Saudi ArabiaClinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaInfection Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 435, BahrainAl Kuzama Primary Health Care Center, Al Khobar Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Al Khobar 34446, Saudi ArabiaOrgan Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi ArabiaGastroenterology Department, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 23831, Saudi ArabiaPediatric Infectious Diseases, Women and Children’s Health Institute, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaPediatric Department, Safwa General Hospital, Eastern Health Cluster, Safwa 31921, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Family Medicine, Primary Health Care, Qatif Health Cluster, Qatif 32434, Saudi ArabiaUniversity Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, IndiaDepartment of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, IndiaDepartment of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, IndiaThe immune response elicited by the current COVID-19 vaccinations declines with time, especially among the immunocompromised population. Furthermore, the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly the Omicron variant, has raised serious concerns about the efficacy of currently available vaccines in protecting the most vulnerable people. Several studies have reported that vaccinated people get breakthrough infections amid COVID-19 cases. So far, five variants of concern (VOCs) have been reported, resulting in successive waves of infection. These variants have shown a variable amount of resistance towards the neutralising antibodies (nAbs) elicited either through natural infection or the vaccination. The spike (S) protein, membrane (M) protein, and envelope (E) protein on the viral surface envelope and the N-nucleocapsid protein in the core of the ribonucleoprotein are the major structural vaccine target proteins against COVID-19. Among these targets, S Protein has been extensively exploited to generate effective vaccines against COVID-19. Hence, amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2, we have discussed their impact on currently available vaccines. We have also discussed the potential roles of S Protein in the development of novel vaccination approaches to contain the negative consequences of the variants’ emergence and acquisition of mutations in the S Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the implications of SARS-CoV-2’s structural proteins were also discussed in terms of their variable potential to elicit an effective amount of immune response.https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/3/507SARS-CoV-2COVID-19breakthrough infectionsneutralizing antibodies (NAbs)Omicronvaccines |
| spellingShingle | Ali A. Rabaan Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed Hawra Albayat Sara Alwarthan Mashael Alhajri Mustafa A. Najim Bashayer M. AlShehail Wasl Al-Adsani Ali Alghadeer Wesam A. Abduljabbar Nouf Alotaibi Jameela Alsalman Ali H. Gorab Reem S. Almaghrabi Ali A. Zaidan Sahar Aldossary Mohammed Alissa Lamees M. Alburaiky Fatimah Mustafa Alsalim Nanamika Thakur Geetika Verma Manish Dhawan Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines’ Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences Medicina SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 breakthrough infections neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) Omicron vaccines |
| title | Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines’ Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences |
| title_full | Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines’ Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences |
| title_fullStr | Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines’ Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences |
| title_full_unstemmed | Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines’ Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences |
| title_short | Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines’ Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences |
| title_sort | variants of sars cov 2 influences on the vaccines effectiveness and possible strategies to overcome their consequences |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 breakthrough infections neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) Omicron vaccines |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/3/507 |
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