The emergence of influenza B as a major respiratory pathogen in the absence of COVID-19 during the 2021–2022 flu season in China
Abstract Background The emergence of COVID-19 and the implementation of preventive measures and behavioral changes have led to a significant decrease in the prevalence of other respiratory viruses. However, the manner in which seasonal viruses will reemerge in the absence of COVID-19-related restric...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Virology Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-023-02115-x |
| _version_ | 1797578139525709824 |
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| author | De Chang Mingui Lin Ning Song Zhantao Zhu Jing Gao Shujun Li Hongmei Liu DeZhi Liu Yu Zhang Wenkui Sun Xuan Zhou Bin Yang Yongjun Li Lili Wang Zhiqing Xiao Kailong Li Lihua Xing Lixin Xie Lokesh Sharma |
| author_facet | De Chang Mingui Lin Ning Song Zhantao Zhu Jing Gao Shujun Li Hongmei Liu DeZhi Liu Yu Zhang Wenkui Sun Xuan Zhou Bin Yang Yongjun Li Lili Wang Zhiqing Xiao Kailong Li Lihua Xing Lixin Xie Lokesh Sharma |
| author_sort | De Chang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The emergence of COVID-19 and the implementation of preventive measures and behavioral changes have led to a significant decrease in the prevalence of other respiratory viruses. However, the manner in which seasonal viruses will reemerge in the absence of COVID-19-related restrictions remains unknown. Methods Patients presenting with influenza-like illness in two hospitals in Beijing were subjected to testing for COVID-19, influenza A, and influenza B to determine the causative agent for viral infections. The prevalence of influenza B across China was confirmed using data from the Centers for Disease Control, China (China CDC). Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, imaging results, and mortality data were collected for a cohort of 70 hospitalized patients with confirmed influenza B from 9 hospitals across China. Results Starting from October 2021, a substantial increase in the number of patients visiting the designated fever clinics in Beijing was observed, with this trend continuing until January 2022. COVID-19 tests conducted on these patients yielded negative results, while the positivity rate for influenza rose from approximately 8% in October 2021 to over 40% by late January 2022. The cases started to decline after this peak. Data from China CDC confirmed that influenza B is a major pathogen during the season. Sequencing of the viral strain revealed the presence of the Victoria-like lineage of the influenza B strain, with minor variations from the Florida/39/2018 strain. Analysis of the hospitalized patients' characteristics indicated that severe cases were relatively more prevalent among younger individuals, with an average age of 40.9 ± 24.1 years. Among the seven patients who succumbed to influenza, the average age was 30 ± 30.1 years. These patients exhibited secondary infections involving either bacterial or fungal pathogens and displayed elevated levels of cell death markers (such as LDH) and coagulation pathway markers (D-dimer). Conclusion Influenza B represents a significant infection threat and can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly among young patients. To mitigate morbidity and mortality rates, it is imperative to implement appropriate vaccination and other preventive strategies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:18:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-079f894539964cca90b2ffb4149abf65 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1743-422X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:18:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Virology Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-079f894539964cca90b2ffb4149abf652023-11-19T12:21:28ZengBMCVirology Journal1743-422X2023-08-0120111010.1186/s12985-023-02115-xThe emergence of influenza B as a major respiratory pathogen in the absence of COVID-19 during the 2021–2022 flu season in ChinaDe Chang0Mingui Lin1Ning Song2Zhantao Zhu3Jing Gao4Shujun Li5Hongmei Liu6DeZhi Liu7Yu Zhang8Wenkui Sun9Xuan Zhou10Bin Yang11Yongjun Li12Lili Wang13Zhiqing Xiao14Kailong Li15Lihua Xing16Lixin Xie17Lokesh Sharma18College of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University School of MedicineDepartment of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityThird Medical Center, Chinese PLA General HospitalDepartment of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s HospitalDepartment of Pediatrics, Xinxiang Central HospitalDepartment of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityDepartment of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityDepartment of the Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical UniversityVision Medicals Center for Infectious DiseasesVision Medicals Center for Infectious DiseasesBeijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University School of MedicineCollege of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalDepartment of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Peking University Health Science CenterDepartment of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityCollege of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalSection of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineAbstract Background The emergence of COVID-19 and the implementation of preventive measures and behavioral changes have led to a significant decrease in the prevalence of other respiratory viruses. However, the manner in which seasonal viruses will reemerge in the absence of COVID-19-related restrictions remains unknown. Methods Patients presenting with influenza-like illness in two hospitals in Beijing were subjected to testing for COVID-19, influenza A, and influenza B to determine the causative agent for viral infections. The prevalence of influenza B across China was confirmed using data from the Centers for Disease Control, China (China CDC). Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, imaging results, and mortality data were collected for a cohort of 70 hospitalized patients with confirmed influenza B from 9 hospitals across China. Results Starting from October 2021, a substantial increase in the number of patients visiting the designated fever clinics in Beijing was observed, with this trend continuing until January 2022. COVID-19 tests conducted on these patients yielded negative results, while the positivity rate for influenza rose from approximately 8% in October 2021 to over 40% by late January 2022. The cases started to decline after this peak. Data from China CDC confirmed that influenza B is a major pathogen during the season. Sequencing of the viral strain revealed the presence of the Victoria-like lineage of the influenza B strain, with minor variations from the Florida/39/2018 strain. Analysis of the hospitalized patients' characteristics indicated that severe cases were relatively more prevalent among younger individuals, with an average age of 40.9 ± 24.1 years. Among the seven patients who succumbed to influenza, the average age was 30 ± 30.1 years. These patients exhibited secondary infections involving either bacterial or fungal pathogens and displayed elevated levels of cell death markers (such as LDH) and coagulation pathway markers (D-dimer). Conclusion Influenza B represents a significant infection threat and can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly among young patients. To mitigate morbidity and mortality rates, it is imperative to implement appropriate vaccination and other preventive strategies.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-023-02115-xInfluenza BCOVID-19Respiratory tract infectionPneumonia |
| spellingShingle | De Chang Mingui Lin Ning Song Zhantao Zhu Jing Gao Shujun Li Hongmei Liu DeZhi Liu Yu Zhang Wenkui Sun Xuan Zhou Bin Yang Yongjun Li Lili Wang Zhiqing Xiao Kailong Li Lihua Xing Lixin Xie Lokesh Sharma The emergence of influenza B as a major respiratory pathogen in the absence of COVID-19 during the 2021–2022 flu season in China Virology Journal Influenza B COVID-19 Respiratory tract infection Pneumonia |
| title | The emergence of influenza B as a major respiratory pathogen in the absence of COVID-19 during the 2021–2022 flu season in China |
| title_full | The emergence of influenza B as a major respiratory pathogen in the absence of COVID-19 during the 2021–2022 flu season in China |
| title_fullStr | The emergence of influenza B as a major respiratory pathogen in the absence of COVID-19 during the 2021–2022 flu season in China |
| title_full_unstemmed | The emergence of influenza B as a major respiratory pathogen in the absence of COVID-19 during the 2021–2022 flu season in China |
| title_short | The emergence of influenza B as a major respiratory pathogen in the absence of COVID-19 during the 2021–2022 flu season in China |
| title_sort | emergence of influenza b as a major respiratory pathogen in the absence of covid 19 during the 2021 2022 flu season in china |
| topic | Influenza B COVID-19 Respiratory tract infection Pneumonia |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-023-02115-x |
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