Domain 4 (D4) of Perfringolysin O to Visualize Cholesterol in Cellular Membranes—The Update
The cellular membrane of eukaryotes consists of phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol and membrane proteins. Among them, cholesterol is crucial for various cellular events (e.g., signaling, viral/bacterial infection, and membrane trafficking) in addition to its essential role as an ingredient of...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2017-03-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/504 |
| _version_ | 1798005320133378048 |
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| author | Masashi Maekawa |
| author_facet | Masashi Maekawa |
| author_sort | Masashi Maekawa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The cellular membrane of eukaryotes consists of phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol and membrane proteins. Among them, cholesterol is crucial for various cellular events (e.g., signaling, viral/bacterial infection, and membrane trafficking) in addition to its essential role as an ingredient of steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids. From a micro-perspective, at the plasma membrane, recent emerging evidence strongly suggests the existence of lipid nanodomains formed with cholesterol and phospholipids (e.g., sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine). Thus, it is important to elucidate how cholesterol behaves in membranes and how the behavior of cholesterol is regulated at the molecular level. To elucidate the complexed characteristics of cholesterol in cellular membranes, a couple of useful biosensors that enable us to visualize cholesterol in cellular membranes have been recently developed by utilizing domain 4 (D4) of Perfringolysin O (PFO, theta toxin), a cholesterol-binding toxin. This review highlights the current progress on development of novel cholesterol biosensors that uncover new insights of cholesterol in cellular membranes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:37:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-07ca239c953646eba2993a00a8bff197 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:37:19Z |
| publishDate | 2017-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-07ca239c953646eba2993a00a8bff1972022-12-22T04:23:35ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202017-03-0117350410.3390/s17030504s17030504Domain 4 (D4) of Perfringolysin O to Visualize Cholesterol in Cellular Membranes—The UpdateMasashi Maekawa0Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, JapanThe cellular membrane of eukaryotes consists of phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol and membrane proteins. Among them, cholesterol is crucial for various cellular events (e.g., signaling, viral/bacterial infection, and membrane trafficking) in addition to its essential role as an ingredient of steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids. From a micro-perspective, at the plasma membrane, recent emerging evidence strongly suggests the existence of lipid nanodomains formed with cholesterol and phospholipids (e.g., sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine). Thus, it is important to elucidate how cholesterol behaves in membranes and how the behavior of cholesterol is regulated at the molecular level. To elucidate the complexed characteristics of cholesterol in cellular membranes, a couple of useful biosensors that enable us to visualize cholesterol in cellular membranes have been recently developed by utilizing domain 4 (D4) of Perfringolysin O (PFO, theta toxin), a cholesterol-binding toxin. This review highlights the current progress on development of novel cholesterol biosensors that uncover new insights of cholesterol in cellular membranes.http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/504cholesterol probesvisualizationdomain 4D4Perfringolysin Otheta toxinmicroscopy |
| spellingShingle | Masashi Maekawa Domain 4 (D4) of Perfringolysin O to Visualize Cholesterol in Cellular Membranes—The Update Sensors cholesterol probes visualization domain 4 D4 Perfringolysin O theta toxin microscopy |
| title | Domain 4 (D4) of Perfringolysin O to Visualize Cholesterol in Cellular Membranes—The Update |
| title_full | Domain 4 (D4) of Perfringolysin O to Visualize Cholesterol in Cellular Membranes—The Update |
| title_fullStr | Domain 4 (D4) of Perfringolysin O to Visualize Cholesterol in Cellular Membranes—The Update |
| title_full_unstemmed | Domain 4 (D4) of Perfringolysin O to Visualize Cholesterol in Cellular Membranes—The Update |
| title_short | Domain 4 (D4) of Perfringolysin O to Visualize Cholesterol in Cellular Membranes—The Update |
| title_sort | domain 4 d4 of perfringolysin o to visualize cholesterol in cellular membranes the update |
| topic | cholesterol probes visualization domain 4 D4 Perfringolysin O theta toxin microscopy |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/504 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT masashimaekawa domain4d4ofperfringolysinotovisualizecholesterolincellularmembranestheupdate |