Experimental Tests and Simulations on Correction Models for the Rolling Shutter Effect in UAV Photogrammetry
Many unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) host rolling shutter (RS) cameras, i.e., cameras where image rows are exposed at slightly different times. As the camera moves in the meantime, this causes inconsistencies in homologous ray intersections in the bundle adjustment, so correction models have been pro...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2391 |
| _version_ | 1797601711757459456 |
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| author | Nazarena Bruno Gianfranco Forlani |
| author_facet | Nazarena Bruno Gianfranco Forlani |
| author_sort | Nazarena Bruno |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Many unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) host rolling shutter (RS) cameras, i.e., cameras where image rows are exposed at slightly different times. As the camera moves in the meantime, this causes inconsistencies in homologous ray intersections in the bundle adjustment, so correction models have been proposed to deal with the problem. This paper presents a series of test flights and simulations performed with different UAV platforms at varying speeds over terrain of various morphologies with the objective of investigating and possibly optimising how RS correction models perform under different conditions, in particular as far as block control is concerned. To this aim, three RS correction models have been applied in various combinations, decreasing the number of fixed ground control points (GCP) or exploiting GNSS-determined camera stations. From the experimental tests as well as from the simulations, four conclusions can be drawn: (a) RS affects primarily horizontal coordinates and varies notably from platform to platform; (b) if the ground control is dense enough, all correction models lead practically to the same mean error on checkpoints; however, some models may cause large errors in elevation if too few GCP are used; (c) in most cases, a specific correction model is not necessary since the affine deformation caused by RS can be adequately modelled by just applying the extended Fraser camera calibration model; (d) using GNSS-assisted block orientation, the number of necessary GCP is strongly reduced. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:07:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-07d7800e3a7545debcb07a3815483f0c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:07:33Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-07d7800e3a7545debcb07a3815483f0c2023-11-17T23:39:33ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-05-01159239110.3390/rs15092391Experimental Tests and Simulations on Correction Models for the Rolling Shutter Effect in UAV PhotogrammetryNazarena Bruno0Gianfranco Forlani1Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 181/a, 43124 Parma, ItalyDepartment of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 181/a, 43124 Parma, ItalyMany unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) host rolling shutter (RS) cameras, i.e., cameras where image rows are exposed at slightly different times. As the camera moves in the meantime, this causes inconsistencies in homologous ray intersections in the bundle adjustment, so correction models have been proposed to deal with the problem. This paper presents a series of test flights and simulations performed with different UAV platforms at varying speeds over terrain of various morphologies with the objective of investigating and possibly optimising how RS correction models perform under different conditions, in particular as far as block control is concerned. To this aim, three RS correction models have been applied in various combinations, decreasing the number of fixed ground control points (GCP) or exploiting GNSS-determined camera stations. From the experimental tests as well as from the simulations, four conclusions can be drawn: (a) RS affects primarily horizontal coordinates and varies notably from platform to platform; (b) if the ground control is dense enough, all correction models lead practically to the same mean error on checkpoints; however, some models may cause large errors in elevation if too few GCP are used; (c) in most cases, a specific correction model is not necessary since the affine deformation caused by RS can be adequately modelled by just applying the extended Fraser camera calibration model; (d) using GNSS-assisted block orientation, the number of necessary GCP is strongly reduced.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2391rolling shutterUAVaerial photogrammetrycamera calibration parametersground control pointsaccuracy |
| spellingShingle | Nazarena Bruno Gianfranco Forlani Experimental Tests and Simulations on Correction Models for the Rolling Shutter Effect in UAV Photogrammetry Remote Sensing rolling shutter UAV aerial photogrammetry camera calibration parameters ground control points accuracy |
| title | Experimental Tests and Simulations on Correction Models for the Rolling Shutter Effect in UAV Photogrammetry |
| title_full | Experimental Tests and Simulations on Correction Models for the Rolling Shutter Effect in UAV Photogrammetry |
| title_fullStr | Experimental Tests and Simulations on Correction Models for the Rolling Shutter Effect in UAV Photogrammetry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental Tests and Simulations on Correction Models for the Rolling Shutter Effect in UAV Photogrammetry |
| title_short | Experimental Tests and Simulations on Correction Models for the Rolling Shutter Effect in UAV Photogrammetry |
| title_sort | experimental tests and simulations on correction models for the rolling shutter effect in uav photogrammetry |
| topic | rolling shutter UAV aerial photogrammetry camera calibration parameters ground control points accuracy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2391 |
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