Trace Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments: A Review of Assessment Measures and Geochemical Background Determination Methods
This paper provides an overview of different methods of assessing the trace metal (TM) contamination status of sediments affected by anthropogenic interference. The geochemical background determination methods are also described. A total of 25 papers covering rivers, lakes, and retention tanks sedim...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Minerals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/8/872 |
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| author | Nicole Nawrot Ewa Wojciechowska Muhammad Mohsin Suvi Kuittinen Ari Pappinen Shahabaldin Rezania |
| author_facet | Nicole Nawrot Ewa Wojciechowska Muhammad Mohsin Suvi Kuittinen Ari Pappinen Shahabaldin Rezania |
| author_sort | Nicole Nawrot |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper provides an overview of different methods of assessing the trace metal (TM) contamination status of sediments affected by anthropogenic interference. The geochemical background determination methods are also described. A total of 25 papers covering rivers, lakes, and retention tanks sediments in areas subjected to anthropogenic pressure from the last three years (2019, 2020, and 2021) were analysed to support our examination of the assessment measures. Geochemical and ecotoxicological classifications are presented that may prove useful for sediment evaluation. Among the geochemical indices, several individual pollution indices (<i>CF</i>, <i>Igeo</i>, <i>EF</i>, <i>Pi</i> (<i>SPI</i>), <i>PT<sub>T</sub></i>), complex pollution indices (<i>PLI</i>, <i>Cdeg</i>, <i>mCdeg</i>, <i>Pi<sub>sum</sub></i>, <i>PI<sub>Avg</sub></i>, <i>PI<sub>aAvg</sub></i>, <i>PIN</i>, <i>PI<sub>Prod</sub></i>, <i>PI<sub>apProd</sub></i>, <i>PI<sub>vectorM</sub></i>, <i>PI<sub>Nemerow</sub></i>, <i>IntPI</i>, <i>MPI</i>), and geochemical classifications are compared. The ecotoxicological assessment includes an overview of Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG) and classifications introduced nationally (as LAWA or modified LAWA). The ecotoxicological indices presented in this review cover individual (<i>ER<sup>i</sup></i>) and complex indices (<i>CSI</i>, <i>SPI</i>, <i>RAC</i>, <i>PERI</i>, <i>MERMQ</i>). Biomonitoring of contaminated sites based on plant bioindicators is extensively explored as an indirect method for evaluating pollution sites. The most commonly used indices in the reviewed papers were <i>Igeo</i>, <i>EF</i>, and CF. Many authors referred to ecotoxicological assessment via <i>SQG</i>. Moreover, <i>PERI</i>, which includes the toxic response index, was just as popular. The most recognised bioindicators include the <i>Phragmites</i> and <i>Salix</i> species. <i>Phragmites</i> can be considered for Fe, Cu, Cd, and Ni bioindication in sites, while <i>Salix</i> hybrid cultivars such as Klara may be considered for phytostabilisation and rhizofiltration due to higher Cu, Zn, and Ni accumulation in roots. <i>Vetiveria zizanoides</i> demonstrated resistance to As stress and feasibility for the remediation of As. Moreover, bioindicators offer a feasible tool for recovering valuable elements for the development of a circular economy (e.g., rare earth elements). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:33:49Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-07eda327d09244929f775044df8c15062023-11-22T08:50:12ZengMDPI AGMinerals2075-163X2021-08-0111887210.3390/min11080872Trace Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments: A Review of Assessment Measures and Geochemical Background Determination MethodsNicole Nawrot0Ewa Wojciechowska1Muhammad Mohsin2Suvi Kuittinen3Ari Pappinen4Shahabaldin Rezania5Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, PolandFaculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, PolandSchool of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80100 Joensuu, FinlandSchool of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80100 Joensuu, FinlandSchool of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80100 Joensuu, FinlandDepartment of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, KoreaThis paper provides an overview of different methods of assessing the trace metal (TM) contamination status of sediments affected by anthropogenic interference. The geochemical background determination methods are also described. A total of 25 papers covering rivers, lakes, and retention tanks sediments in areas subjected to anthropogenic pressure from the last three years (2019, 2020, and 2021) were analysed to support our examination of the assessment measures. Geochemical and ecotoxicological classifications are presented that may prove useful for sediment evaluation. Among the geochemical indices, several individual pollution indices (<i>CF</i>, <i>Igeo</i>, <i>EF</i>, <i>Pi</i> (<i>SPI</i>), <i>PT<sub>T</sub></i>), complex pollution indices (<i>PLI</i>, <i>Cdeg</i>, <i>mCdeg</i>, <i>Pi<sub>sum</sub></i>, <i>PI<sub>Avg</sub></i>, <i>PI<sub>aAvg</sub></i>, <i>PIN</i>, <i>PI<sub>Prod</sub></i>, <i>PI<sub>apProd</sub></i>, <i>PI<sub>vectorM</sub></i>, <i>PI<sub>Nemerow</sub></i>, <i>IntPI</i>, <i>MPI</i>), and geochemical classifications are compared. The ecotoxicological assessment includes an overview of Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG) and classifications introduced nationally (as LAWA or modified LAWA). The ecotoxicological indices presented in this review cover individual (<i>ER<sup>i</sup></i>) and complex indices (<i>CSI</i>, <i>SPI</i>, <i>RAC</i>, <i>PERI</i>, <i>MERMQ</i>). Biomonitoring of contaminated sites based on plant bioindicators is extensively explored as an indirect method for evaluating pollution sites. The most commonly used indices in the reviewed papers were <i>Igeo</i>, <i>EF</i>, and CF. Many authors referred to ecotoxicological assessment via <i>SQG</i>. Moreover, <i>PERI</i>, which includes the toxic response index, was just as popular. The most recognised bioindicators include the <i>Phragmites</i> and <i>Salix</i> species. <i>Phragmites</i> can be considered for Fe, Cu, Cd, and Ni bioindication in sites, while <i>Salix</i> hybrid cultivars such as Klara may be considered for phytostabilisation and rhizofiltration due to higher Cu, Zn, and Ni accumulation in roots. <i>Vetiveria zizanoides</i> demonstrated resistance to As stress and feasibility for the remediation of As. Moreover, bioindicators offer a feasible tool for recovering valuable elements for the development of a circular economy (e.g., rare earth elements).https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/8/872sedimentstrace metalscontamination assessmentpollution indicesbioindicatorsgeochemical background |
| spellingShingle | Nicole Nawrot Ewa Wojciechowska Muhammad Mohsin Suvi Kuittinen Ari Pappinen Shahabaldin Rezania Trace Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments: A Review of Assessment Measures and Geochemical Background Determination Methods Minerals sediments trace metals contamination assessment pollution indices bioindicators geochemical background |
| title | Trace Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments: A Review of Assessment Measures and Geochemical Background Determination Methods |
| title_full | Trace Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments: A Review of Assessment Measures and Geochemical Background Determination Methods |
| title_fullStr | Trace Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments: A Review of Assessment Measures and Geochemical Background Determination Methods |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trace Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments: A Review of Assessment Measures and Geochemical Background Determination Methods |
| title_short | Trace Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments: A Review of Assessment Measures and Geochemical Background Determination Methods |
| title_sort | trace metal contamination of bottom sediments a review of assessment measures and geochemical background determination methods |
| topic | sediments trace metals contamination assessment pollution indices bioindicators geochemical background |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/8/872 |
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