Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives
Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis o...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731/full |
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| author | Ali Dawood Ali Dawood Ali Dawood Ali Dawood Samah Attia Algharib Samah Attia Algharib Samah Attia Algharib Gang Zhao Gang Zhao Gang Zhao Gang Zhao Tingting Zhu Tingting Zhu Tingting Zhu Tingting Zhu Mingpu Qi Mingpu Qi Mingpu Qi Mingpu Qi Kong Delai Kong Delai Zhiyu Hao Zhiyu Hao Zhiyu Hao Zhiyu Hao Marawan A. Marawan Marawan A. Marawan Ihsanullah Shirani Ihsanullah Shirani Aizhen Guo Aizhen Guo Aizhen Guo Aizhen Guo |
| author_facet | Ali Dawood Ali Dawood Ali Dawood Ali Dawood Samah Attia Algharib Samah Attia Algharib Samah Attia Algharib Gang Zhao Gang Zhao Gang Zhao Gang Zhao Tingting Zhu Tingting Zhu Tingting Zhu Tingting Zhu Mingpu Qi Mingpu Qi Mingpu Qi Mingpu Qi Kong Delai Kong Delai Zhiyu Hao Zhiyu Hao Zhiyu Hao Zhiyu Hao Marawan A. Marawan Marawan A. Marawan Ihsanullah Shirani Ihsanullah Shirani Aizhen Guo Aizhen Guo Aizhen Guo Aizhen Guo |
| author_sort | Ali Dawood |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host’s immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:10:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-082675a909e9407e8bf622d295c161e0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2235-2988 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:10:26Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-082675a909e9407e8bf622d295c161e02022-12-22T04:00:34ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology2235-29882022-05-011210.3389/fcimb.2022.855731855731Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future PerspectivesAli Dawood0Ali Dawood1Ali Dawood2Ali Dawood3Samah Attia Algharib4Samah Attia Algharib5Samah Attia Algharib6Gang Zhao7Gang Zhao8Gang Zhao9Gang Zhao10Tingting Zhu11Tingting Zhu12Tingting Zhu13Tingting Zhu14Mingpu Qi15Mingpu Qi16Mingpu Qi17Mingpu Qi18Kong Delai19Kong Delai20Zhiyu Hao21Zhiyu Hao22Zhiyu Hao23Zhiyu Hao24Marawan A. Marawan25Marawan A. Marawan26Ihsanullah Shirani27Ihsanullah Shirani28Aizhen Guo29Aizhen Guo30Aizhen Guo31Aizhen Guo32The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaDepartment of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, EgyptHubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaNational Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, HZAU, Wuhan, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, EgyptThe State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaHubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, ChinaHubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaHubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, ChinaHubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaHubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, ChinaHubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaHubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, ChinaHubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, ChinaInfectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, EgyptThe State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, ChinaPara-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad, AfghanistanThe State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaHubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, ChinaHubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaMycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host’s immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731/fullmycoplasmaspantropic pathogensvirulence factorsclinical implicationsgene transfervaccination |
| spellingShingle | Ali Dawood Ali Dawood Ali Dawood Ali Dawood Samah Attia Algharib Samah Attia Algharib Samah Attia Algharib Gang Zhao Gang Zhao Gang Zhao Gang Zhao Tingting Zhu Tingting Zhu Tingting Zhu Tingting Zhu Mingpu Qi Mingpu Qi Mingpu Qi Mingpu Qi Kong Delai Kong Delai Zhiyu Hao Zhiyu Hao Zhiyu Hao Zhiyu Hao Marawan A. Marawan Marawan A. Marawan Ihsanullah Shirani Ihsanullah Shirani Aizhen Guo Aizhen Guo Aizhen Guo Aizhen Guo Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology mycoplasmas pantropic pathogens virulence factors clinical implications gene transfer vaccination |
| title | Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives |
| title_full | Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives |
| title_fullStr | Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives |
| title_short | Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives |
| title_sort | mycoplasmas as host pantropic and specific pathogens clinical implications gene transfer virulence factors and future perspectives |
| topic | mycoplasmas pantropic pathogens virulence factors clinical implications gene transfer vaccination |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731/full |
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