Helicobacter pylori virulence genes and microevolution in host and the clinical outcome: review article
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the causative agent in development of gastroduode-nal diseases, such as chronic atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcers, mucosa associated lym-phoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer. H. pylori has been associated with inflammation in cardia, showing the fact th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | fas |
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Tehran University of Medical Sciences
2014-12-01
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| Series: | Tehran University Medical Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-25-5269&slc_lang=en&sid=1 |
| _version_ | 1818480906093985792 |
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| author | Seyedeh Zahra Bakhti Saeid Latifi-Navid Saber Zahri |
| author_facet | Seyedeh Zahra Bakhti Saeid Latifi-Navid Saber Zahri |
| author_sort | Seyedeh Zahra Bakhti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the causative agent in development of gastroduode-nal diseases, such as chronic atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcers, mucosa associated lym-phoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer. H. pylori has been associated with inflammation in cardia, showing the fact that infection with this bacterium could also be a risk factor for gastric cardia cancer. Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide. This is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and ap-proximately 700,000 people succumb each year to gastric adenocarcinoma. It has been estimated that 69% of the Iranian population currently harbor H. pylori infection. The prevalence of duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer is high in Iranian populations. However, this has been largely influenced by geographic and/or ethnic origin. Epidemi-ology studies have shown that host, environmental, and bacterial factors determine the outcome of H. pylori infection. The bacterium contains allelic diversity and high genet-ic variability into core- and virulence-genes and that this diversity is geographically and ethnically structured. The genetic diversity within H. pylori is greater than within most other bacteria, and its diversity is more than 50-fold higher than that of human DNA. The maintenance of high diversification makes this bacterium to cope with particular challenges in individual hosts. It has been reported that the recombination contributed to the creation of new genes and gene family. Furthermore, the microevolution in cagA and vacA genes is a common event, leading to a change in the virulence phenotype. These factors contribute to the bacterial survival in acidic conditions in stomach and protect it from host immune system, causing tissue damage and clinical disease. In this review article, we discussed the correlation between H. pylori virulence factors and clin-ical outcomes, microevolution of H. pylori virulence genes in a single host, microevolu-tion of H. pylori during primary infection and progression of atrophic gastritis to ade-nocarcinoma, and H. pylori infection status in Iran. Finally, we put forward the hy-pothesis that if the pattern of nucleotide sequence evolution shifts from recombination (r) to mutation (m) and the r/m ratio is reduced, bacterial pathogenicity may be re-duced while maintaining the bacterial life. However, this hypothesis should be further studied with future experiments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T11:28:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0856b7ff8ec749739ccac4589d0be5b0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1683-1764 1735-7322 |
| language | fas |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T11:28:22Z |
| publishDate | 2014-12-01 |
| publisher | Tehran University of Medical Sciences |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Tehran University Medical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-0856b7ff8ec749739ccac4589d0be5b02022-12-22T01:50:39ZfasTehran University of Medical SciencesTehran University Medical Journal1683-17641735-73222014-12-01729575587Helicobacter pylori virulence genes and microevolution in host and the clinical outcome: review articleSeyedeh Zahra Bakhti0Saeid Latifi-Navid 1Saber Zahri 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mo-haghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mo-haghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mo-haghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the causative agent in development of gastroduode-nal diseases, such as chronic atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcers, mucosa associated lym-phoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer. H. pylori has been associated with inflammation in cardia, showing the fact that infection with this bacterium could also be a risk factor for gastric cardia cancer. Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide. This is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and ap-proximately 700,000 people succumb each year to gastric adenocarcinoma. It has been estimated that 69% of the Iranian population currently harbor H. pylori infection. The prevalence of duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer is high in Iranian populations. However, this has been largely influenced by geographic and/or ethnic origin. Epidemi-ology studies have shown that host, environmental, and bacterial factors determine the outcome of H. pylori infection. The bacterium contains allelic diversity and high genet-ic variability into core- and virulence-genes and that this diversity is geographically and ethnically structured. The genetic diversity within H. pylori is greater than within most other bacteria, and its diversity is more than 50-fold higher than that of human DNA. The maintenance of high diversification makes this bacterium to cope with particular challenges in individual hosts. It has been reported that the recombination contributed to the creation of new genes and gene family. Furthermore, the microevolution in cagA and vacA genes is a common event, leading to a change in the virulence phenotype. These factors contribute to the bacterial survival in acidic conditions in stomach and protect it from host immune system, causing tissue damage and clinical disease. In this review article, we discussed the correlation between H. pylori virulence factors and clin-ical outcomes, microevolution of H. pylori virulence genes in a single host, microevolu-tion of H. pylori during primary infection and progression of atrophic gastritis to ade-nocarcinoma, and H. pylori infection status in Iran. Finally, we put forward the hy-pothesis that if the pattern of nucleotide sequence evolution shifts from recombination (r) to mutation (m) and the r/m ratio is reduced, bacterial pathogenicity may be re-duced while maintaining the bacterial life. However, this hypothesis should be further studied with future experiments.http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-25-5269&slc_lang=en&sid=1biological evolution Helicobacter pylori Iran peptic ulcer stomach neoplasms viru-lence genes |
| spellingShingle | Seyedeh Zahra Bakhti Saeid Latifi-Navid Saber Zahri Helicobacter pylori virulence genes and microevolution in host and the clinical outcome: review article Tehran University Medical Journal biological evolution Helicobacter pylori Iran peptic ulcer stomach neoplasms viru-lence genes |
| title | Helicobacter pylori virulence genes and microevolution in host and the clinical outcome: review article |
| title_full | Helicobacter pylori virulence genes and microevolution in host and the clinical outcome: review article |
| title_fullStr | Helicobacter pylori virulence genes and microevolution in host and the clinical outcome: review article |
| title_full_unstemmed | Helicobacter pylori virulence genes and microevolution in host and the clinical outcome: review article |
| title_short | Helicobacter pylori virulence genes and microevolution in host and the clinical outcome: review article |
| title_sort | helicobacter pylori virulence genes and microevolution in host and the clinical outcome review article |
| topic | biological evolution Helicobacter pylori Iran peptic ulcer stomach neoplasms viru-lence genes |
| url | http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-25-5269&slc_lang=en&sid=1 |
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