Sexual Difference in the Optimum Environmental Conditions for Growth and Maturation of the Brown Alga <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> in the Gametophyte Stage
<i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> is an annual brown kelp growing naturally in coastal areas as a major primary producer in temperate regions and is cultivated on an industrial scale. Kelps have a heteromorphic life cycle characterized by a macroscopic sporophyte and microscopic sexual gametoph...
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MDPI AG
2020-08-01
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| Series: | Genes |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/8/944 |
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| author | Yoichi Sato Hikaru Endo Hiroki Oikawa Koichi Kanematsu Hiroyuki Naka Miho Mogamiya Shigeyuki Kawano Yusuke Kazama |
| author_facet | Yoichi Sato Hikaru Endo Hiroki Oikawa Koichi Kanematsu Hiroyuki Naka Miho Mogamiya Shigeyuki Kawano Yusuke Kazama |
| author_sort | Yoichi Sato |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> is an annual brown kelp growing naturally in coastal areas as a major primary producer in temperate regions and is cultivated on an industrial scale. Kelps have a heteromorphic life cycle characterized by a macroscopic sporophyte and microscopic sexual gametophytes. The sex-dependent effects of different environmental factors on the growth and maturation characteristics of the gametophyte stage were investigated using response surface methodology. Gametophytes were taken from three sites in Japan: Iwate Prefecture, Tokushima Prefecture, and Kagoshima Prefecture in order to confirm the sexual differences in three independent lines. Optimum temperature and light intensity were higher for males (20.7–20.9 °C and 28.6–33.7 µmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively) than females (16.5–19.8 °C and 26.9–32.5 µmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>), and maturity progressed more quickly in males than females. Optimum wavelengths of light for growth and maturation of the gametophytes were observed for both blue (400–500 nm, λ<sub>max</sub> 453 nm) and green (500–600 nm; λ<sub>max</sub> 525 nm) lights and were sex-independent. These characteristics were consistent among the three regional lines. Slower growth optima and progress of maturation could be important for female gametophytes to restrict fertilization and sporophyte germination to the lower water temperatures of autumn and winter, and suggest that the female gametophyte may be more sensitive to temperature than the male. The sexual differences in sensitivity to environmental factors improved the synchronicity of sporeling production. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:22:04Z |
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| issn | 2073-4425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:22:04Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Genes |
| spelling | doaj.art-0886dc104a544ad495acfc020167a35a2023-11-20T10:18:11ZengMDPI AGGenes2073-44252020-08-0111894410.3390/genes11080944Sexual Difference in the Optimum Environmental Conditions for Growth and Maturation of the Brown Alga <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> in the Gametophyte StageYoichi Sato0Hikaru Endo1Hiroki Oikawa2Koichi Kanematsu3Hiroyuki Naka4Miho Mogamiya5Shigeyuki Kawano6Yusuke Kazama7Bio-resources Business Development Division, Riken Food Co., Ltd., Miyagi 985-0844, JapanFaculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, JapanConnected Solutions Company, Panasonic Co., Tokyo 104-0061, JapanConnected Solutions Company, Panasonic Co., Tokyo 104-0061, JapanConnected Solutions Company, Panasonic Co., Tokyo 104-0061, JapanBio-resources Business Development Division, Riken Food Co., Ltd., Miyagi 985-0844, JapanFuture Center Initiative, The University of Tokyo, Saitama 277-0871, JapanNishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan<i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> is an annual brown kelp growing naturally in coastal areas as a major primary producer in temperate regions and is cultivated on an industrial scale. Kelps have a heteromorphic life cycle characterized by a macroscopic sporophyte and microscopic sexual gametophytes. The sex-dependent effects of different environmental factors on the growth and maturation characteristics of the gametophyte stage were investigated using response surface methodology. Gametophytes were taken from three sites in Japan: Iwate Prefecture, Tokushima Prefecture, and Kagoshima Prefecture in order to confirm the sexual differences in three independent lines. Optimum temperature and light intensity were higher for males (20.7–20.9 °C and 28.6–33.7 µmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively) than females (16.5–19.8 °C and 26.9–32.5 µmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>), and maturity progressed more quickly in males than females. Optimum wavelengths of light for growth and maturation of the gametophytes were observed for both blue (400–500 nm, λ<sub>max</sub> 453 nm) and green (500–600 nm; λ<sub>max</sub> 525 nm) lights and were sex-independent. These characteristics were consistent among the three regional lines. Slower growth optima and progress of maturation could be important for female gametophytes to restrict fertilization and sporophyte germination to the lower water temperatures of autumn and winter, and suggest that the female gametophyte may be more sensitive to temperature than the male. The sexual differences in sensitivity to environmental factors improved the synchronicity of sporeling production.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/8/944sexual difference<i>Undaria pinnatifida</i>gametophyteoptimum conditionsgrowthmaturation |
| spellingShingle | Yoichi Sato Hikaru Endo Hiroki Oikawa Koichi Kanematsu Hiroyuki Naka Miho Mogamiya Shigeyuki Kawano Yusuke Kazama Sexual Difference in the Optimum Environmental Conditions for Growth and Maturation of the Brown Alga <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> in the Gametophyte Stage Genes sexual difference <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> gametophyte optimum conditions growth maturation |
| title | Sexual Difference in the Optimum Environmental Conditions for Growth and Maturation of the Brown Alga <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> in the Gametophyte Stage |
| title_full | Sexual Difference in the Optimum Environmental Conditions for Growth and Maturation of the Brown Alga <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> in the Gametophyte Stage |
| title_fullStr | Sexual Difference in the Optimum Environmental Conditions for Growth and Maturation of the Brown Alga <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> in the Gametophyte Stage |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sexual Difference in the Optimum Environmental Conditions for Growth and Maturation of the Brown Alga <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> in the Gametophyte Stage |
| title_short | Sexual Difference in the Optimum Environmental Conditions for Growth and Maturation of the Brown Alga <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> in the Gametophyte Stage |
| title_sort | sexual difference in the optimum environmental conditions for growth and maturation of the brown alga i undaria pinnatifida i in the gametophyte stage |
| topic | sexual difference <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> gametophyte optimum conditions growth maturation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/8/944 |
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