Autophagosome Biogenesis
Autophagy–the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasm–plays a central role in cellular homeostasis and protects cells from potentially harmful agents that may accumulate in the cytoplasm, including pathogens, protein aggregates, and dysfunctional organelles. This process is initiated by the formation of...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/4/668 |
| _version_ | 1797621693891477504 |
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| author | Yan Zhen Harald Stenmark |
| author_facet | Yan Zhen Harald Stenmark |
| author_sort | Yan Zhen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Autophagy–the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasm–plays a central role in cellular homeostasis and protects cells from potentially harmful agents that may accumulate in the cytoplasm, including pathogens, protein aggregates, and dysfunctional organelles. This process is initiated by the formation of a phagophore membrane, which wraps around a portion of cytoplasm or cargo and closes to form a double-membrane autophagosome. Upon the fusion of the autophagosome with a lysosome, the sequestered material is degraded by lysosomal hydrolases in the resulting autolysosome. Several alternative membrane sources of autophagosomes have been proposed, including the plasma membrane, endosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, hybrid organelles, and de novo synthesis. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of how the autophagosome is formed and highlight the proposed role of vesicles that contain the lipid scramblase ATG9 as potential seeds for phagophore biogenesis. We also discuss how the phagophore is sealed by the action of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:00:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0887ba62ad354b549a6f0a44f4da887e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:00:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-0887ba62ad354b549a6f0a44f4da887e2023-11-16T19:45:35ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092023-02-0112466810.3390/cells12040668Autophagosome BiogenesisYan Zhen0Harald Stenmark1Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, NorwayCentre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, NorwayAutophagy–the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasm–plays a central role in cellular homeostasis and protects cells from potentially harmful agents that may accumulate in the cytoplasm, including pathogens, protein aggregates, and dysfunctional organelles. This process is initiated by the formation of a phagophore membrane, which wraps around a portion of cytoplasm or cargo and closes to form a double-membrane autophagosome. Upon the fusion of the autophagosome with a lysosome, the sequestered material is degraded by lysosomal hydrolases in the resulting autolysosome. Several alternative membrane sources of autophagosomes have been proposed, including the plasma membrane, endosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, hybrid organelles, and de novo synthesis. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of how the autophagosome is formed and highlight the proposed role of vesicles that contain the lipid scramblase ATG9 as potential seeds for phagophore biogenesis. We also discuss how the phagophore is sealed by the action of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/4/668autophagyautophagosomeendosomeESCRTlipid transportlysosome |
| spellingShingle | Yan Zhen Harald Stenmark Autophagosome Biogenesis Cells autophagy autophagosome endosome ESCRT lipid transport lysosome |
| title | Autophagosome Biogenesis |
| title_full | Autophagosome Biogenesis |
| title_fullStr | Autophagosome Biogenesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Autophagosome Biogenesis |
| title_short | Autophagosome Biogenesis |
| title_sort | autophagosome biogenesis |
| topic | autophagy autophagosome endosome ESCRT lipid transport lysosome |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/4/668 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yanzhen autophagosomebiogenesis AT haraldstenmark autophagosomebiogenesis |